the prokaryotes: domains bacteria and archaea

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n

ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE

11The Prokaryotes:Domains Bacteria

and Archaea

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The Prokaryotes

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Domain Bacteria

Proteobacteria From the mythical Greek god,

Proteus, who could assume

many shapes

Gram-negative

Largest taxonomic

group of bacteria

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The Alphaproteobacteria

Have prosthecae

Caulobacter: Stalked

bacteria found in lakes

Hyphomicrobium:

Budding bacteria

found in lakes

Figures 11.2b, 11.3

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The Alphaproteobacteria

Plant pathogen

Agrobacterium:

Insert a plasmid

into plant cells,

inducing a tumor

Figure 9.19

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The Alphaproteobacteria

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Azospirillum

Grow in soil, using

nutrients excreted by

plants

Fix nitrogen

Rhizobium

Fix nitrogen in the

roots of plantsFigure 27.5, step 5

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The Betaproteobacteria

Neisseria

Chemoheterotrophic,

cocci

N. meningitidis

N. gonorrhoeae

Spirillum

Chemoheterotrophic,

helical

Figures 11.4, 11.6N. gonorrhoeae

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The Betaproteobacteria

Bordetella

Chemoheterotrophic, rods

B. pertussis - causes whooping caugh

Burkholderia: Nosocomial infections

Zoogloea: Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment

processes

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The Gammaproteobacteria

Pseudomonas

Opportunistic

pathogens

Metabolically

diverse

Polar flagella

Moraxella: Conjunctivitis

Figure 11.7

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The Gammaproteobacteria

Legionellales

Legionella

Found in streams,

warm-water pipes,

cooling towers

L. pneumophilia

Figure 24.15b

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The Gammaproteobacteria

Vibrionales

Found in coastal water

Vibrio cholerae causes

cholera

V. parahaemolyticus

causes gastroenteritis

Usually from

undercooked shellfish

Figure 11.8

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The Gammaproteobacteria

Enterobacteriales (enterics)

Peritrichous flagella, facultatively anaerobic

Enterobacter

Erwinia

Escherichia

Klebsiella

Proteus

Salmonella

Serratia

Shigella

Yersinia

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The Gammaproteobacteria

Figure 11.9

Proteus mirabilis

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The Gammaproteobacteria

Pasteurellales

Pasteurella multocida

Cause pneumonia and septicemia

Ex. Komodo dragon bite

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The Deltaproteobacteria

Bdellovibrio: Prey on

other bacteria

Figure 11.10

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The Deltaproteobacteria

Myxococcales

Gliding

Cells appregate to

form myxospores.

Figure 11.11b

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The Epsilonproteobacteria

Helicobacter

Multiple flagella

Peptic ulcers

Stomach cancer

Figure 11.12

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The Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative Bacteria

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Cyanobacteria

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Gliding motility

Fix nitrogen

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2H2O + CO2

light(CH2O) + H2O + O2

2H2S + CO2

light(CH2O) + H2O + 2S0

Figure 11.14

Purple and Green Photosynthetic Bacteria

Anoxygenic

photosynthesis

Purple and green sulfur

bacteria

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Firmicutes

Low G + C

Gram-positive

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Clostridiales

Clostridium

Endospore-producing

Obligate anaerobes

Associated Diseases:

Tetanus C. tetani

Botulism C. botulinum

Gas Gangrene C. perfringens

Epulopiscium

Figures 11.15, 11.16

Clostridium tetani

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Bacillales

Bacillus

Endospore-producing rods

Human Pathogen:

B. anthracis

B. cereus

Figure 11.17b

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Bacillales

Staphylococcus

Cocci

S. aureus – produced many toxins & yellow pigment

Common cause of food poisoning

Figure 11.18

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Lactobacillales

Generally aerotolerant

anaerobes, lack an

electron-transport chain

Lactobacillus

Streptococcus

Enterococcus

Listeria

Figure 11.19

Streptococcus

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Mycoplasmatales

Wall-less, pleomorphic

0.1 - 0.24 µm

M. pneumoniae

Figure 11.20a–b

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Actinobacteria

Mycobacterium

M. tuberculosis

M. leprae

Propionibacterium acnes

Streptomyces – produce many antibiotics

Figure 11.21b

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Chlamydias

Have unique life cycle

Chlamydia trachomatis

STD, urethritis

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Chlamydias

Figure 11.23a

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Chlamydophila

Figure 11.23b

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Spirochaetes

Borrelia – Lyme disease

Treponema pallidum - syphilis

Figure 11.24

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Bacteroidetes

Anaerobic

Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large

intestine

Up to 1 billion per gram of feces

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Domain Archaea

Hyperthermophiles

Pyrodictium

Sulfolobus

Methanogens

Methanobacterium

Extreme halophiles

Halobacterium

Figure 11.26

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Microbial Diversity

PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria/gm of soil.

Many bacteria have not been identified or

characterized because they

Haven't been cultured

Need special nutrients

Are a part of complex food chains requiring the

products of other bacteria

Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism

and ecological role