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THE POWER OF STRUGGLE AS SEEN IN THE NOVEL THE
OLD MAN AND THE SEA BY ERNEST HEMINGWAY
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiners
in Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements
for Literature Degree at English Literature Department
by
NUR HUSNA
NIM. 403170897
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2021
i
NOTA DINAS
Jambi, 02 September 2021
Pembimbing I : H. Mislan, S.Pd. M.Pd
Pembimbing II : Bahren, SS., MA
Alamat : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
Kepada Yth,
Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
Di-
Tempat
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Setelah membaca dan mengadakan perbaikan seperlunya maka kami
berpendapat bahwa skripsi saudari: Nur Husna, NIM. 403170897, yang berjudul
‘‘The Power of Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and The Sea by
Ernest Hemingway’’ Telah dapat diajukan untuk dimunaqasyahkan guna
melengkapi tugas-tugas dan memenuhi syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana
strata satu (SI) pada fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN STS Jambi, maka dengan
itu kami ajukan skripsi tersebut agar diterima dengan baik.
Demikianlah kami ucapkan terimakasih, semoga bermanfaat bagi kepentingan
kampus dan para peneliti.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
H. Mislan, S. Pd. M. Pd Bahren, SS., MA
NIP. 196903161995031001 NIP. 197912302006041003
ii
APPROVAL
Jambi, 02 September 2021
Supervisor I : H. Mislan, S.Pd. M.Pd
Supervisor II : Bahren, SS., MA
Address : Faculty of Adab and Humanities
State Islamic University
Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi
To
The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha
Saifuddin Jambi
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
After reading and revising everything extended necessary, so we agree this
thesis entitled ‘‘The Power of Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and
The Sea by Ernest Hemingway’’ could be submitted to munaqasyah (thesis
exmanition) in partial fulfilment to the requirement for the degree of Humaniora
scholar. So we submit it in order to be received well, thus, we hope it can be usefull
for all.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Supervisor I Supervisor II
H. Mislan, S. Pd. M. Pd Bahren, SS., MA
NIP. 196903161995031001 NIP. 197912302006041003
iv
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT
By signing my name below:
Name : Nur Husna
NIM : 403170897
Supervisor I : H. Mislan, S.Pd. M.Pd
Supervisor II : Bahren, SS., MA
Department : English Literature
Faculty : Adab and Humanities
I certify that I wrote this thesis in order to fulfill the requirements for a bachelor’s
degree (SI) in English Literature, Adab and Human ities Facculty, State Islamic
University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin jambi. The thesis entitled ‘‘The Power of
Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest
Hemingway’’ is my original work. It does not plagiarize any material from other
studies except for the quotations and reference. I will be ready to take responsibility
if there are objections or claims from others.
I affirm that this statement is true and was made in good health and mind.
Jambi, 02 September 2021
The researcher,
Nur Husna
v
MOTTO
﴿٢﴾ يجعل له مخرجا ومن يتق الل
فهو حسبه إن الل ويرزقه من حيث ل يحتسب ومن يتوكل على الل
﴾٣﴿بالغ لكل شيء قدرا أمره قد جعل الل
Barangsiapa bertakwa kepada Allah, niscaya dia akan mengadakan baginya
jalan keluar, dan memberinya rizki dari arah yang tiada disangka sangka. Dan
barangsiapa yang bertawakal kepada Allah, niscaya Allah akan mencukupkan
(keperluan) nya. Sesungguhnya Allah melaksanakan urusan yang dikendakinya.
Sesungguhnya Allah telah mengadakan ketentuan bagi tiap-tiap sesuatu. (QS. At-
Talaq: 2-3)1
And whosoever keepeth his duty to Allah, Allah will appoint a way out for him,
and will provide for him from (a quarter) whence he hath no expectation. And
whosoever putteth his trust in Allah, He will suffice him. Lo! Allah bringeth His
command to pass. Allah hath set a measure for all things. (QS. At-Talaq: 2-3)2
1At-Talaq Pencerahan. (2021). Retrieved 4 july 2021, from
https://kalam.sindonews.com/surah/65/at-talaq
2At-Talaq Pencerahan. (2021). Retrieved 4 july 2021, from
https://kalam.sindonews.com/surah/65/at-talaq
vi
DEDICATION
My deepest dedication goes to my loved ones:
Both of my parents;
Mr. Yahya (late) and Mrs. Hawidah,
Because of those who never stop loving and praying for me.
There are not enough words to express my gratitude for all this time.
I feel lucky to have been born to a great mother and be the daughter of both you.
My great and patient brothers and sisters take care of this youngest brother and
always give encouragement in every step of my education;
Mukhlis, Ruhaiti, Kurniati and Herda Liyani, who has always been my best
family.
The youngest who always wants to make his family happy
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil’aalamiin, all praises to Allah SWT, the almighty God,
for the presence of plenty of mercy and his grace, so that the researcher could
complete the thesis entitled The Power of Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old
Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway wich is submitted to fulfill the
requirements for bachelor degree (SI) in English Literature Department, Faculty of
Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Shalawat and greetings to our prophet Muhammad SAW, who has brought us from
the realm of darkness to the realm of light as we feel today.
In accomplishing this thesis, the researcher had been given one great to
many people. So, the researcher sincere gatitude goes to:
1. Prof. Dr. H. Su’aidi, MA., Ph. D as a Rector of State Islamic University of
SulthanThaha Saifuddin Jambi. The vices of Rector, Dr, Rofiqoh Ferawati,
SE., M.EI; dr. As’ad Isma, M.Pd. and Dr. Bahrul Ulum, S.Ag., MA.
2. Dr. Halimah Dja’far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I the Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty.
3. Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag as the first vise Dean of Academic. Dr. Alfian, S.Pd,
M.Ed as the second vise Dean of Finances, and Dr. Roudhoh, S.Ag.SS.,
M.Pd.I as the third vice Dean of University Student of Adab and Humanities
Faculty.
4. Dian Mukhlisa, S.Pd., MA and Chandri Febri Santi M.Pd. as the chairperson
and secretary of English Literature Department.
5. H. Mislan, S.Pd. M.Pd and Bahren, SS., MA as the researcher’s supervisors,
mentors, and life coaches. Their wise counsel led me through the technical
and non-technical aspects of writing this study. Suggestions and
constructive criticism from them greatly aided in the improvement of this
viii
thesis, making it much more interesting and engaging than the researcher
had expected.
6. All the lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic
University, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
7. The head and officers of the library of State Islamic University, Sulthan
Thaha Saifuddin Jambi and public library of Jambi Province
8. A special mention for my friend, Mimin, who had been willing to help me
correct the writing in this thesis. Thank you Friend!
9. All of my friends, Especiaally my best friends; Nurbaiti Awaliyah,
Rahmania, Reka Yuliana, Nurrahmi Putri. Thank you for supporting and
always giving encouragement in the making of this thesis.
This study is a long way from being perfect. The researcher needs some
feedback and suggestions in or der to improve in the future. Finally, the researcher
hopes that this thesis will bene fit readers. Especially students in English Literature
Department Faculty of Adab a nd Humanities.
Jambi, 02 September 2021
The Researcher,
Nur Husna
NIM. 403170897
ix
ABSTRACT
Nur Husna, 2021: The Power of Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and
The Sea by Ernest Hemingway
Supervisor I : H. Mislan, S.Pd. M.Pd
Supervisor II : Bahren, SS., MA
In this study, the researcher analyzed the novel written by Ernest
Hemingway, entitled; The Old Man and The Sea. This novel tells about the struggle
of the main character named Santiago in fulfilling his needs as an old fisherman
who is famous for his misfortune. Therefore, the researcher gave the tittle of this
research with ‘’The Power of Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and The
Sea by Ernest Hemingway’’. This study aims to discuss; 1) The kinds of struggle
used by main character to fulfill basic needs as seen in the Novel The Old Man and
The Sea by Ernest Hemingway, 2) The obstacles of main character to fulfill basic
needs as seen in the Novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway. The
design of this research is decriptive qualitative research, the data colletion technique
used is the reading and note-taking technique that the researcher did, then the
researcher an analyzed used is descriptive. To answer the kinds of struggle, the
researcher uses a theory of struggle by khusrau, psychological approach is also used
in this study. To answer the second problem formulation, the researcher uses
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Basic Needs) theory. The results of this study are;
1) There are three types of struggles of the main character seen in the novel The Old
Man and The Sea, namely, (a) struggling with oneself (b) struggle with One-self (c)
struggle of Environment 2) Obstacles in the main character's struggle to fulfil basic
needs, as seen in the novel The Old Man and The Sea, it is found that there are two
points, namely (a) physiological needs, seen in the physiological constraints of the
main character it is difficult to get clean food and drink (b) safety needs, seen in the
constraints of struggling in difficult circumstances. It's dark, and the currents are
so strong that it's hard for the main character to control the champagne.
Keywords: Power, Struggle, Novel Ernest Hemingway
x
ABSTRAK
Nur Husna, 2021: The Power of Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and
The Sea by Ernest Hemingway
Pembimbing I : H. Mislan, S.Pd. M.Pd
Pembimbing II : Bahren, SS., MA
Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menganalisis novel karya Ernest Hemingway
yang berjudul The Old Man and The Sea. Novel ini menceritakan tentang
perjuangan tokoh utama yang bernama Santiago dalam memenuhi kebutuhanya
sebagai seorang nelayan tua yang terkenal dengan nelayan yang tidak beruntung.
Oleh karena itu, peneliti memberikan judul penelitian ini dengan ‘’The Power of
Struggle as Seen in the novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway’’.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas 1) mengetahui jenis-jenis perjuangan
tokoh utama dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti yang terlihat dalam Novel
The Old Man and The Sea karya Ernest Hemingway dan 2) kendala perjuangan
tokoh utama dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti yang terlihat dalam Novel
The Old Man and The Sea karya Ernest Hemingway .Desain penelitian yang
digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif, teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan
adalah teknk baca dan catat. Kemudian untuk analisis peneliti menggunakan
analisis deskriptif. Untuk menjawab jenis-jenis perjuangan peneliti menggunakan
teori perjuangan oleh Khusrau, pendekatan psychological juga digunakan dalam
penelitian ini. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah kedua peneliti menggunakan
teori Hierarchy of Needs (Basic Needs) dari Maslow. Hasil dari penelitian ini
adalah; 1) Ada tiga jenis perjuangan tokoh utama yang terlihat dalam Novel The
Old Man and The Sea, yaitu; (a) berjuang dengan diri sendiri (b) berjuang dengan
orang lain (c) berjuang dengan keadaan. 2) Kendala perjuangan tokoh utama dalam
memenuhi kebutuhan dasar seperti yang terlihat dalam Novel The Old Man and
The Sea, ditemukan ada dua point yaitu; (a) kebutuhan fisiologis, dilihat dalam
kendala fisiologis tokoh utama sulit untuk mendapatkan makanan dan minuman
yang bersih (b) kebutuhan keamanan, terlihat pada kendala berjuang dalam keadaan
gelap, dan kendala arus air yang deras sehingga tokoh utama sulit mengendalikan
sampanya.
Kata Kunci: Kekuatan, Perjuangan, Novel Ernest Hemingway
xi
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE OF TITLE
NOTA DINAS ................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL .................................................................................................. ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ................................................................... iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT .......................................................... iv
MOTTO ......................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION ............................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem .......................................................... 4
B. Formulation of the Problem .......................................................... 4
C. Limitation of the problem ............................................................. 4
D. Purpose of the Research ................................................................ 4
E. Significance of the Research ......................................................... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Psychological Approach ............................................................... 7
B. The Struggle .................................................................................. 9
C. Kinds of Struggle .......................................................................... 11
D. Hierarchy of Needs (Basic Needs) ................................................ 14
E. Review of Related Literature ........................................................ 16
CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
A. Design of the Research ................................................................. 17
B. Source of the Data ......................................................................... 17
C. Technique of Data Collection ....................................................... 19
D. Technique of Data Analysis .......................................................... 21
xii
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Kind of Struggle the Main Character to Fulfill Basic Needs ........ 22
1. Struggle with One-Self ...................................................... 30
2. Struggle with Other ........................................................... 32
3. Struggle of Environment ................................................... 35
B. The Obstacles of Struggle main character to Fulfill Basic Needs 34
1. Psychology Needs ............................................................. 36
2. Safety Needs ..................................................................... 38
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions ................................................................................... 39
B. Suggestions ................................................................................... 41
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
Literature is human expression in the form of written or oral works based
on thoughts, opinions, experiences using feelings in imaginative, creative forms
and those derived from reflections of reality or original data wrapped in aesthetic
packaging through language media such as poetry, songs, novels, and dramas.
Etymologically, the word literature in Indonesian comes from the Sanskrit
word which is a combination of the word sas which means to direct, teach and
give instructions, and the suffix tra which is usually used to indicate tools or
means. So, if the word literature is written in full based on the etymological
meaning of the word, it can be interpreted as a teaching tool, guide or teaching.
This understanding explains the meaning that what is called literature is nothing
but a tool that serves to educate, or provide knowledge to its readers.
Literature is a variety of experiences, ideas, desires, people in everyday life
that are poured in several forms and styles of literary works. Because literature
comes directly from human life, literature can add to our knowledge and
experience about human problems including values, morals culture, struggles,
and human interest.3
In the interests of humans, there are those who both study human life, and
this can be called literary psychology. Literary psychology does have a solid
foundation, because literature and psychology study human life. The difference
is, literature studies humans as the creation of the author's imagination, while
psychology studies humans as God's creation in real terms. However, human
characteristics in psychology and literature often show similarities, so that
literary psychology research can be carried out. Although literary works are
3 Rokhmansyah, Alfian. Studi dan Pengkajian Sastra: Perkenalan terhadap Ilmu Sastra.
Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.2014
2
creative and imaginary, creators still often use psychological laws to bring their
characters to life.4
Literary works that are seen as psychological events will present
psychological aspects through the characters if the text happens to be in the form
of drama or prose. The author will capture mental symptoms and then process
them into text and complete it with his soul. The projection of own experiences
around the author will be ilustrated imaginatively into literary texts.5
One of the most popular forms of literature is novel. A novel is a fictional
prose story of a certain length that depicts imaginative characters, movements
and life scenes. A novel is an essay that is a story that tells extraordinary events
from people's lives. It is extraordinary because from that incident a conflict was
born, a dispute that caused upheaval in the souls of the characters, thus changing
the way of life of these characters. Thus, the novel tells of one aspect of the
character's life that is truly special resulting in a change of fate, it can be in terms
of love, courage, power, struggle and so on.6
One of the novels that present motivational values in the story is the novel
The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway. This novel tells the story of
Santiago, an old fisherman who goes through eighty-four days without catching
a single fish. At the beginning of forty days before Santiago was accompanied
by a child named Manolin, on his way to find fish for forty days passed without
being caught, Manolin's parents informed him that the person had become salao
(taken in Spanish salado) which means the form worst of luck. That's why
Manolin, the little boy who often helps him, is forbidden by his parents to help
Santiago. How sad a fisherman is labeled as unable to catch fish anymore.
Based on the above aspects, the writer sees many interesting things from
this novel. This novel is one of the novels that present a lot of struggle in it,
Tells the story of a true story that inspires the life of Santiago who lives life
patiently and never gives up and is full of high positive motivation. One
4Suwardi, Endraswara. Metode Penelitian Psikologi Sastra. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo. 2008 5Suwardi, Endraswara. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo. 2008
6Nurgiyantoro, burhan.Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta:Gadjah Mada University Press.1995
3
example of the struggle motivation contained in the novel can be seen from his
struggle to fulfill his life needs as a fisherman, so he struggles alone far into the
middle of the sea, in the middle of the sea he only eats raw fish food, and he
also fights with several sharks. which is very large, and he fought the shark
with his own hands, and his old skin became food for the sun in the middle of
the sea, but he still pulled a 1,500 pound marlin to bring him ashore, but there
were some obstacles he felt when he struggled, such as obstacles when it is
difficult to struggle in the dark. So Santiago's strong motivation to fight is to
make ends meet, especially to show people that he is not salao, even if it means
risking his life. For him, life is a struggle, and he will not stop fighting until
death picks him up.
This novel is very interesting to research, because the language used is quite
simple and easy to apply. There are many positive values that should be
exemplified from the stories in this novel, including hard work, persistence,
persistence, self-confidence, an unyielding spirit and sincerity. The stories in
this novel are very inspiring and able to ignite the enthusiasm of the readers
who are faced with complex problems in life. This novel can be a brain teaser
medium which not only provides peace and peace of mind, but is also able to
provide motivational value and learning about the struggles that are in it. In
addition, what made researchers interested in researching this novel, because it
is remembered as a new version of classic literature, and its unique style also
had a very strong influence on the fictional style of that era 20th century
literature, so it deserves to be used as a reference today.
Based on the various aspects above, the researcher sees that the story in the
novel presents a lot of struggles of the main character in fulfilling his life needs,
according to the researcher, the discussion in terms of struggle can provide
benefits and high motivation for an individual in achieving a desired dream as
reflected in the main character who named Santiago which is in the novel The
Old Man and The Sea.
Based on this background, the researcher is very interested in analyzing
more deeply about the contents of the novel then identifying the parts that
4
contain the struggles contained in the novel, and it can be concluded that the
author chose this tittle, because the object has not been examined in terms of
previous struggles, and the author wants to discuss more deeply about the
contents of the novel and there are still many unsolved problems and curious
about the types of struggles and obstacles experienced by the main character in
struggling, therefore the researcher gives this work the tittle"The Power of
Struggle as Seen in the Novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest
Hemingway.”
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the description in the above researh background, there are several
problem statements that can be formulated as follows.
1. What are the kinds of struggles used by main character to fulfill basic needs
as seen in the novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway?
2. What are the obstacles of main character to fulfill basic needs as seen in the
novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway?
C. Limitation of the Problem
Many aspects can be analyzed in the novel The Old Man and The Sea by
Ernest Hemingway which was released in 1952. However, to focus this
research, in this case the researcher limits the analysis main character struggle
and what obstacles main character struggle in the novel The Old Man and The
Sea by Ernest Hemingway
D. Purpose of the Research
Relating to the problem statement, the writer decides an objective of the
research as follow.
1. To analyze the kinds of struggles used by main character for fulfill basic
needs as seen in novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway
2. To know the obstacles of main character for fulfill basic needs as seen in
the novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway
5
E. Significance of the Research
The theoretical benefits of this research are expected to increase
knowledge in the field, especially regarding the analysis of literary works, in
addition it is hoped that it can also increase the study of novels and their use as
a medium in conveying messages about the struggles of the main character in
the Novel The Old Man and The Sea.
For practical benefits, the authors hope that this research can be used as
a reference in the preparation of scientific works, especially those related to
serious struggles as depicted in the main character Santiago and hope that this
research can provide insight, benefits, knowledge and understanding. In
creating novels that are more creative, and interpreted according to the cultural
ethics of the Indonesian people.
6
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Psychological Approach
The approach used by the researcher in this study is a psychological approach,
because according to the researchers this study matches the issues discussed.
Literary psychology is an approach that pays attention to psychological aspects
and concerns the human mind. Through a psychological review it appears that
the function and role of literature is to present a fair and eternal human image or
at least to convey that literary works are intended, in to describe human life.7
Psychology is a branch of science whose object of discussion is the state of
the human soul. This approach seeks to understand human character, why they
do and how they do things and also understand how these creatures think and
feel. The psychology of literature approach is a way of analysis based on the
view and departs from the assumption that literary works always discuss the
events of human life that are lived and respond to direction in life.8
The purpose of literary psychology is to understand the psychological
aspects contained in a work, so that in this study the psychological approach
focuses on one character, namely Santiago as the main character in the novel the
old man and the sea by Ernest Hemingway. In this stage the researcher
determines the topic of the problem, namely the kinds of struggle and obstacles
of struggle found in the novel The Old Man and The Sea.9
According to Wellek Warren that psychological approach in literary work is
divided into four meanings:10
7Hardjana. Stress Tanpa Distres: Seni Mengolah Stres. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. 1994.
8http://endonesa.wordpress.com/lentera-sastra/karya-sastra dan periodenya/
9 Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of literary terms seventh edition. Massachusetts: Heinle dan
Heinle.1997.
10Wellek Warren in M. Keith Booker, A Pratical Introduction to Literary Theory and criticism,
P. 39
7
1. Psychological approach of the writer as a person is to show that as a writer
who has a good personality and shows that he is a good writer, a writer must
show caution in his life
2. The psychological approach to the creative process of literary works in the
literary work phase must contain all aspects, from stage to back stage. It should
be well and good until the writer final stage
3. Psychological approach with psychological rules and norms that can be taken
from a literary work. Literary work is a public institution that uses language as a
medium or tool. In addition, literary works also show social realities in real life
4. A psychological approach to the influence of a literary work according to the
reader’s thinking. Literary works show human life events, so that readers or
viewers are interested in reading them. This literray work will attract readers and
audiences if it is presented more professionally by the author. In this case the
writer focuses on the main character as a strong old fisherman.
B. The Struggle
Struggle’s is an effort made by someone in life in achieving something better
and realizing something that is desired. In order to achieve this, one must strive
hard and energetically in achieving it. There are many struggles that one does in
life, struggles for love, struggles for family, economic struggles, struggles for a
better life, struggles to achieve goals, realizes dreams, and others. Struggle has
a very broad meaning, because there are many areas of life, striving is called a
very hard effort that someone does to make something very difficult. It also
means to make one’s way with difficulty in the in the specified direction.11 In
other words, striving is the act of a person achieving what he wants and trying
to overcome the difficulties that follow.
People who do not see the challenges of life are immature souls, the goal of
humans in this world is to achieve perfection in life and seek the meaning of
happiness by struggling. Therefore, humans must go through life's struggles with
11Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. New York: Oxford University Press.
1995.
8
great patience, perseverance, and hard work. It is life's constant battles, failures,
successes, and one's happiness. Whatever is one's job in life, if that person does
not know the word struggle and does not have knowledge of struggle, then that
person does not have the most important knowledge of all.
Are stated that in people’s life there are many life events happening. for every
life events will make people to force themselves to make some struggles in their
life. for example of live events such as divorce, death talor of spouse, gaining a
new family members leaving home, and many other. While people try to deal
with these problems and challenges of life, they will need to adjust their selves.
for that reason, how people react from all these events is one aspect of the process
called adjustment. Adjustment divided into 3 categories the first, the problem
solving, the second, the acceptance toward the situation, the third, the defense
mechanism as repression and denial.12
Struggle can be interpreted as a person’s strategy to protect him from
problems in life. According to bernard, in some conditions people rationally and
consciously implement strategies that allow them to withstand the stresses or
problems of life. when they try to face a problem, they will usually look for some
strategies or ideas to survive the problem. Even thought it is sometimes difficult
and painful, people will continue to try to find ways to solve problems in life by
struggling.13
Since people live, problem will always happen in their life and it is various.
Some might be easy or some other might be difficult. When people face
problems, they will have various ways to struggle to overcome their problems.
Struggle according to abate means that people make some determine efforts
under their difficulties and make some efforts to keep struggling in dealing
toward prohblems which emerging in life.14
12Jay Braun Darwyn E. Linder. Psychology Today: An Introduction. New York: Random House
Inc., 1979 P. 478-480
13Bernard, W. Human Motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wisnton Inc., 1980. P. 64
14Abate, F. The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. New York: Oxford University Press. 1996
9
C. Kinds of Struggle
According to Khusrau, there are 3 types of “Struggles in life, Struggles with
oneself, Struggles with others, and Struggles of Environment”15
In someone's life, there are many types of struggles, the first is struggling with
ourselves, struggling with ourselves is one example of a struggle that is very
difficult and requires hard work from ourselves, when struggling there is
someone who needs friends to fight for his struggles and dream struggles
together, lastly there is a struggle with circumstances, when our situation is sad,
there are many problems, we must be able to adjust and solve these problems to
the circumstances at that time.
1. Struggle with One-self
The struggle with oneself will arise when in trouble, an individual will carry
out an action, a conversation, and a desire with himself, this happens when a
person is driven by an internal desire within himself that creates a sense of self-
confidence, enthusiasm, and unyielding within himself an individual increases.
The struggle with oneself is a difficult struggle for an individual to do, where he
must endure pain and make sacrifices for himself in achieving a goal. 16
The person who cares and struggles with himself is the wisest person, because
once he wrestles with himself, which is the hardest struggle an individual can
experience, in the struggle with himself it will be easy if an individual is able to
fight the fear within himself, In the essence of the struggle with oneself there are
three aspects. The first is to get one's thoughts, words, and actions to address
one's own ideals.17 The next aspect of struggling with oneself is conforming to
other people, with their ideas and demands.
15Khusrau“The Struggle of Life” http;//ww.sufiorder.toronto.on.ca/life struggle 1.htm (accessed
January 03, 2021 at 07.45 am).
16Sulhizah wulan sari, ulibasa situmuang “identifying the types of struggle”, English Literature
Department Jakarta. Vol 6 Number 3 Edition August 2021.
17Kenneddy, D. (2018). A world of Struggle. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1wf4cz3.
10
2. Struggle With Others
When we consider struggles with other people there are also three things to
think about, the first is to control and organize people and activities that occur in
our duties, our responsibility must be considered. Another aspect is how to allow
ourselves to be of use to others in various conditions in life to know to what
extent one should let others use our time, our energy, our work, or our patience,
and where to draw the line.18
Struggling with other people is the basis of the Indonesian people who in
everyday life like to work together on the basis of the spirit of kinship, fighting
with other people will make a job easier, in terms of fighting with other people
here, one can manage other people in a job that is currently in progress.The
proverb once said about struggling with others such as "Easy to carry and heavy
to carry".19
3. Struggle of Environment
Difficult circumstances and conditions cannot be predicted by someone and
difficult conditions will definitely be faced by someone in life any favorable or
unfavorable situation for a person, which that person can find for himself, and
every pleasant or unpleasant person, whose presence causes him to act.
struggling with circumstances will create reactions depending on human
happiness and spiritual progress, if he has control over these reactions, it can be
said that he is an advanced person, but if he has no control over it, then he will
show that he will retreat.20
the environment is where we struggle, when someone wants to achieve a goal,
he will pass through various circumstances, and various environmental
conditions, such as; someone who struggles in an environment that does not
support his dreams, a family who is not able to support the ideals chosen, other
examples of environmental struggles such as; someone's struggle is not in
18Sulhizah Wulan Sari, Ulibasa Situmuang “identifying the types of struggle” English
Literature Department Jakarta. Vol 6 Number 3 Edition August 2021.”
19Joyomartono, Mulyono Dkk. 1990. Jiwa, Semangat, dan nilai-niai perjuangan Bangsa
Indonesia. Semarang; IKIP Semarang Press.
20Nurgiyantoro, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, (Yogyakarta University Press, 1995), P 124
11
accordance with the surrounding environment, difficult circumstances struggle
that a person cannot pass, that person does not show action then it is said to have
withdrawn.21
D. Hierarchy of Needs (Basic Needs)
According to Maslow, many factors encourage a person to struggle, and in
Maslow's theory of needs it has been explained that people struggle to make ends
meet. There are psychological needs, need for security, need for belonging and
love, need for self-esteem and need for self-actualization. Descriptions of
requirements are as follows:
1. Physiological Needs
Maslow in his book writes that the need at the first level is the starting point
for the theory of motivation because it is related to psychological motivation22.
The point here, this need is a basic need of every individual, which is related to
the fulfillment of human physical needs. This first part talks about the basic
needs in all human life related to biological aspects which include the need for
oxygen, food and water.
There are 2 factors that influence this first level requirement. The first is the
development of homesity which refers to the automatic efforts in the body to
maintain a constant and normal blood flow. Second is taste which is the preferred
choice of food. If a person is deficient in a chemical substance, he will develop
a special taste for the needs that are less23. Thus it can be said that every human
being has 2 factors that can encourage him to meet the needs at this first level,
especially for the need for food and drink.
21Ariarta, I Wayan Gede. Struggle of Life Againts the Environment in Defo’s the Life and
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. English Literature Department, University Udayana. ISSN 2302-
920X. 2015.
22 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality: English Edition by Harper & Row,
publishers 1954. P 35
23 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality: English Edition by Harper & Row,
publishers 1954. P 35
12
2. Safety Needs
Needs that are categorized as the need for security, namely security, stability,
dependence, protection, freedom from fear and chaos, the need for structure,
order, law, limits, strong in protection and so on. According to Maslow, humans
really need a sense of security in their life, especially for a sense of security from
dangers and threats. When someone is in an insecure zone, he will look for a
protector who is considered to provide a sense of security. Usually we often find
among children24. Thus, this need is a human right to avoid dangers and threats
in his life.
Needs at this second level, we can see in neurotic people, people who are
economically and sociologically depressed, face social chaos, revolution and the
destruction of authority25. Thus, that not everyone is lucky to have a sense of
security in his life, so that many have problems at this second level.
3. Belongingness and Love Needs
When physiological and safety needs are met, other needs such as the need
for love, affection and belongingess also begin to be felt. Love involves a healty
and meaningful relationship between two people that includes mutual trust, and
about 2 people who need each other; therefore, a lack of love can stop an
individuals’s growth and potential development, and can demoralize life.26
The need for love includes a life of giving and receiving the attention of
others. according to maslow humans are social creatures who live together with
other people. This third need can be found in people who are hungry for loving
relationships with friends, lovers, husband/wife and their children. The problems
that are often found in this need are children who move too often due to mobility
and industrialization, uncertain conditions, and hatred towards someone27. thus,
24Setiawan, Manusia Utuh: Sebuah Kajian Atas Pemikiran Abraham Maslow, P 40
25 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality: English Edition by Harper & Row,
publishers 1954. P 39 26Schultz, Duane. Growth Psychology: Models of the healty of Personality. New York: Littion
Educational Publishing Inc. 1997. P. 63
27 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality: English Edition by Harper & Row,
publishers 1954. P 43
13
this need puts more emphasis on relationship problems with other people's
relationships
4. Self-Esteem Needs
In this need, there are two categories, they are need for self-esteem and respect
for others. Self-esteem includes the need for self-esteem, adequacy,
achievement, and independence. While awards from others include recognition,
acceptance, attention, position, good name and appreciation28. Thus it can be
said that the need at the fourth level is related to 2 problem points, namely points
of self-esteem, and other people to achieve self-esteem goals.
Fulfillment of the need for self-esteem brings a feeling of self-confidence,
value, strength, capability and a feeling of being needed and beneficial to the
world. However, at the same time it creates a feeling of weakness and
helplessness when someone does not get the response and motivation expected
from others. Self-esteem is best based on respect from others and not on fame or
fame29. Thus, it can be said that, although self-esteem can be obtained from two
possibilities, what is good is from the recognition of others.
Furthermore, it is further explained that, fulfilling this need for self-esteem
can create a psychological impact in the form of self-confidence, having strong
values, being able to be adequate. On the other hand, if this need is not met, it
will result in feelings of inferiority, weakness, hopelessness, or even fear30.
5. Self-actualization Needs
In this need it is explained that, everyone must be able to actualize himself in
the form of the works he makes. This activity will make someone feel at ease.
And this need can be called the need for self-realization31.
Thus, each person must have personal activity in order to find his personal
manifestation.
28Setiawan, Manusia Utuh: Sebuah Kajian Atas Pemikiran Abraham Maslow, P 76
29 Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and personality: English Edition by Harper & Row,
publishers 1954. P 45
30Setiawan, Manusia Utuh: Sebuah Kajian Atas Pemikiran Abraham Maslow, P 42
31Maslow, Motivasi dan Kepribadian 1: Teori Motivasi dengan Pendekatan Kebutuhan Manusia
cetakan keempat, P 56-57
14
Express this need as a desire to be more and more than what a person is, to
become everything that is capable of being. “What a man can he must be”. In
short, it has to do with file identification psychological need to grow, develop
and exploit potential. This needs emerge after the satisfaction of the need for
love and self respect.32
E. Review on Previous Research
The researcher presents some of the previous findings, which are related or
relevant to this study, as follows:
First, this thesis was written by Kezia Sephia (120701031) in 2017, entitled
the values of The Struggle of the Main Character in the Novel of Guarding the
Spring by Hidayat Banjar: Sociological Analysis of Literature, the research in
this thesis aims to describe the values of the struggle of the main character, and
describe the benefits of this research, the method used is descriptive qualitative
methods, and the theory to answer the problem formulation of this research is
using Joyomartono's theory (1990: 5).33
Secondly, this thesis was written by Ulvadisa Santora (A2A008049) in 2012
entitled The Struggle for Life and Independence of the Main Character in the
Novel Padang Bulan by Andrea Hirata: A Review of Literary Psychology,
the research in this thesis aims to describe the struggles and hard work of a small
child who becomes the backbone of the family. This research uses the category
of Carl Gustav Jung which is divided into 4: persona, anima and animus, shadow
and self.34
Thirdly, this thesis was written by Irma Noviana (1210741010) in 2017
entitled The Struggle of the Main Character in the Novel Cindaku by Azwar
Sutan Malaka. This analysis uses a structural study, and discusses the struggles
of the main character in Azwar Sutan Malaka's cindaku novel, this research aims
32 Schultz, Duane. Growth Psychology: Models of the healty of Personality. New York: Littion
Educational Publishing Inc. 1997. P 64
33 Kezia Shepia.The Struggle of the Main Character in the Novel of Guarding the Spring by
Hidayat Banjar. 2017 34 Ulvadisa Santora.The Struggle for Life and Independence of the Main Character in the Novel
Padang Bulan by Andrea Hirata: A Review of Literary Psychology. 2012
15
to describe the struggle of the main character in realizing his life expectancy,
and the theory used is a structural theory and uses the structuralism method in
the following steps to identify, study and describe the functions and relationships
between the intrinsic elements of the novel that are interconnected.35
Four, this thesis was written by safitri, yuli ana in 2017, entitled the
Struggle of Main Character to get Freedom as Reflected in the Mockingjay
Movie by Dany Strong. English Literature Department Adab and Humanities
Faculty, the State Islamic University Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin Jambi, this
study aims to determine the struggle and ways of struggling as well as the impact
of the struggle for political freedom in mockingjay films, especially the struggle
carried out by the main character Katniss in the film, this research using a
sociological approach, and the theory of struggle from Khusrau and the kinds of
freedom by William.36
Fifth, this thesis was written by Ririn Angraeni in 2017 entitled the Struggle
of the Main Character to Achieve her Dream as seen in the Zotoopia Film by
Byron Howard and Rich Moore. Department of English Literature, Faculty of
Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin
Jambi, this study aims to determine the types of struggles used by the main
figures in achieving their dreams, there are 3 problem formulations in this study,
the first is what are the types of struggles that are used which is used by the main
character to achieve his dream, secondly, what are the obstacles that the main
character experiences in achieving his dream, and third, what are the efforts of
the main character in achieving his dream, this research uses a psychological
approach, for problem formulation. the first one is answered with the khusrau
theory for the types of struggle, there are 3 types of struggle, struggling with
oneself, with others, and circumstances, for the second problem formulation it is
found that there are several obstacles in the struggle, namely: stereotypes from
society, rejection from the family and society, and for the formulation of the third
35 Irma Noviana. The Struggle of the Main Character in the Novel Cindaku by Azwar Sutan
Malaka. 2017
36 Safitri, Yuli Ana. The Struggle of Main Character to get Freedom as Reflected in the
Mockingjay Movie by Dany Strong. 2017
16
problem regarding the efforts carried out in pursuit of his dream, the first to take
the ZPD test, make his parents believe, and find 14 mammals lost in zootopia.
So the conclusion for this previous research, there are some differences with
my research, especially there are differences in the object of my research, the
above research is researching film, with a sociological, psychological approach
and various problem formulations, with their research they have helped me in
making this research.37
37 Ririn Angraeni. The Struggle of the Main Character to Achieve her Dream as seen in the
Zotoopia Film by Byron Howard and Rich Moore. 2017
17
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Desaign of Research
To analyze main character struggles in the novel the old man and the sea,
the researcher will use qualitative method and descriptive research in accordance
with the objectives of this study.
Descriptive qualitative research in research is wrong in the form of words
or pictures if necessary, not numbers. This method aims to describe the struggle
of the main character and the obstacles to basic needs in the novels The Old Man
and The Sea.38
Qualitative descriptive research method is one of the methods used by
researcher to find knowledge or theory about a particular time study. The method
used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Through this method, the
researcher tries to reveal the struggle type of main character for fulfill basic
needs and obstacles main character struggle to basic needs in the novel The Old
Man and The Sea. The analysis is explained using words. This descriptive
research method is used in language research to collect data and describe
meaning naturally. Th e working step of this method is to analyze and describe
the types and the obs tacles of the main character for struggle to basic needs in
the novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway.39
Based on the quotation above, the qualitative research can be used in this
research due to qualitative method did not only involves the instrinsic aspect in
literature work. However, this can be related to extrinsic aspects in the literary
context. Therefore, qualitative research can also be said to be multi-method. This
is because what is related to the instrinsic and extrinsic aspect in his descriptive
literary works is:
38Endraswara, S. Metodelogi Penelitian Sastra Epist emology, Model, Teori, dan Aplikasi.
Yogyakarta: Medpress. 2003
39Mukhtar. Metode Praktis Deskriptif Kualitatif: Jakarta: Perpustakaan Universitas Marcubuana.
2013
18
“The data collected is in the form of words, pictures and not numbers, it is
caused by the application of qualitative methods”.40 This means that qualitative
research methods are methods that rely on research through libraries that rely
almost entirely on data from libraries.
Moh Nazir stated that “this descriptive method aims to make a systematic,
factual and accurate picture or painting of the facts that exist, as well as the
relationships between the events being invgestigated.41 Based on this statement,
it can be concluded that qualitative research is analyzing the descriptive data
collected in the form natural objects. Where descriptive data is in the form of
written or oral, using qualitative research the writer gets answers about questions
in analyzing problems in the novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest
Hemingway.
After the author concludes, in this study the author uses qualitative
descriptive, because in the discussion the author examines based on a description
about struggle or analysis of the novel story, in the form of an analysis of the
story not about numbers.
B. Source of Data
Sources of data are raw data that have not been processed to be used as
information.42 "The data source in this study is a novel entitled the old man and
the sea, this novel is one of the works of a writer and journalist from the United
States named Ernest Hemingway, his work on the novel the old man and the sea
was his most phenomenal in 1952, and his work was awarded the pulitzer prize
in 1952.43
40Hartinis Yatim. Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan dan sosial kualitatif dan kuantitatif(Jakarta:
Bogor Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia, 2009), p. 191.
41Moh. Nazir, Metode Penelitian, (Bogor. Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia, 2011), p. 54.
42 Rouse, M., (2009). What is Raw Data? (accessed 20 Desember 2020). Available at:
https://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/raw-data
43Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952
19
C. Technique of Collecting Data
There are some activities of the researcher in collection the data in this
research because technique of data collection is the way that writer to collect the
data “Data collection techniques are the first step in a study, because the main
purpose of research is to obtain data.”44
There are many ways to collect data, such as "the fundamental methods that
qualitative researchers rely on to gather information are participation in settings,
direct observation, in-depth interviews, document reviews. 45 The writer has
some steps in collecting the data, in order to make this research more specific.
The steps in collecting data:
a. Reading the novel repeatedly.
in analyzing something, we must understand the material we are analyzing,
the point is to get the correct data, and avoid mistakes, in this first stage, we have
to read a novel that will be examined repeatedly, it aims to provide an
understanding of each content which is in the novel and makes it easier for us to
get relevant data.
So in collecting this data, the first step the author took was to read the novel
The Old Man and The Sea repeatedly, to achieve the goal of understanding and
knowing the contents of the novel story.
b. Determining the characters that be analyzed
In this second stage, we have to focus our minds and eyes on the main
character's conversation, because in this study, the author will only analyze from
the main character.
In this second step, the author focuses on the main character, because here the
researcher will see the struggle of the main character.
c. Collecting all the data from novel
44Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D, (Bandung:Alfabeta 2009). P. 9
45Miles, M. B., and Huberman, A.M.(1984). Qualitative Data Analysis (p.309). Newbury Park
CA: Sage.
20
In this third stage, the author collects from each conversation seen from the
main character, and sees from the section the types of struggles and obstacles
that the author finds in the novel.
In this step, the writer begins to collect the data found in the novel, the writer
underlines each paragraph and folds each paper containing the struggles and
obstacles of the struggle in the novel.
d. Classifying and determining the relevant data
In this last stage, after the author finds the complete data, then the data that
has been obtained will be analyzed. Finally, the authors identify the data
collected with the theory of struggle which consists of 3 points, namely:
struggling with oneself, struggling with others, and struggling with
circumstances, and applying a psychological approach.
D. Technique of Analyzing Data
After the researcher has collected data relevant to the research, the next step
is the researcher analyzes the data to get the results of this research.
“Data analysis technique is an analytical activity in a research conducted
by examining all data from research instrument, such as documents, notes,
recordings, test result, and others.”46
From the above statement it can be concluded that, data analysis is a search
process that systematically arranges data obtained from interviews, field notes,
and others. So, it can be easily understood, and the findings can be shared with
others. Meaning that analyzing data means looking for data related to the
formulation of problems in research, through interviews, field notes, and other
materials which are then arranged systematically so that they are easy to
understand and inform others. Researchers will use descriptive techniques in this
study.
Descriptive method can be interpreted as a procedure of a problem that is
investigated by describing or describing the state of the subject or object of
46Lexy J. Moleong. Metodology Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. P 248.
2014
21
research (novel, drama, short story, poetry) at the present time based on facts
that appear or work.47
The analysis consists of three activities that occur simultaneously, namely:
data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions / levers.
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction is a part of analysis which can be iterpreted as a form of
analysis that clarifies, classifies, directs, discards unnecessary, and organizes
data in such a way that it can be drawn and derived. With data reduction, the
researcher does not need to interpret it as quantification. Qualitative data can be
simplified and transformed in several ways, such as: through rigorous selection,
through summaries or brief descriptions, categorizing them into a broader
pattern, and so on. Sometimes it is also possible to convert the data into numbers
or ratings.48
In this study, data reduction was carried out when the researcher obtained
data from the novel and then the author simplified the data obtained by taking
supporting data in the discussion of this study, so that these data lead to
accountable conclusions.
2. Presentation of Data
Perform a presentation and gather information that provides conclusions and
to take actions that have been shown that, better presentations is the main way
of true qualitative analysis, which uses different types of matrices, graphs, tables
and charts. All of them are designed to combine information arranged in a
coherent and easily accessible form so that the process can be carried out easily.
In doing so, an analyzer can see what is going on, and determine how to really
pull off the pace of doing presentation analysis as something that might be
useful.
47Hadari Nawawi, Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University
Press. 1998.
48Milles dan Huberman, Analisis Data Kualitatif, Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press, 1992.
22
3. Conclusions
Drawing conclusions is part of the form of a complete activity. Conclusions
were also checked during the course of the study the examination may be a
rethinking that crosses the author's mind as he writes, a review of the notes
during the analysis process, or it may be called the review process and the
exchange of ideas among peers to develop an agreement or are also called efforts
area to place objects in another data set. In short, the meanings obtained from
other data should investigated more about their validity and suitability. The final
conclusion does not only occur at the time of processing the data, but it needs to
be tested for truth so that it is truly accounted for49.
The writer can conclude that in analyzing this data, the writer takes several
steps. The first step is to identify. Researchers identify data and make opinions
about struggle found in Ernest Hemingway's novel the old man and the Second,
classify the data.Researchers classify data in forms of action, conversations in
novels related to struggle. The third step is to analyze, describe, and explain.
That The researcher analyzes, describes, and explains data about the types of
struggles as seen in the novel, what struggles he does with himself, with other
people and circumstances, and how the obstacles faced by the main character in
struggling. The last step is draw conclusions. After all data were analyzed,
described and described in the study, the researcher draws the conclusion of the
study.
49Milles dan Huberman, Analisis Data Kualitatif, Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press, 1992,
hlm. 16.
22
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Finding
Based on data taken from the text of the English novel The Old Man and
The Sea from Ernest Hemingway, the author finds the struggle of the main
character in meeting his needs. The data is taken from step by step that the
author does, the data can be seen in the appendix at the end of this thesis, based
on the author's analysis of the main character's struggle to fulfill his needs in
Ernest Hemingway's novel The Old Man and The Sea.
In the first discussion, the author finds there are 3 types of struggle; first, the
struggle with himself, where the main character struggles with himself,
strengthens himself, tries with his own strength, the struggle is carried out to
achieve his ultimate goal, to fulfill his needs, and for his self-esteem, second,
the struggle with others, a struggle that the second, where the main character
knows that he is carrying out his struggle assisted by other people to accompany
and facilitate his struggle, and the third, the struggle with circumstances, where
the main character struggles against the weather and new conditions at sea with
a life alone.
In the second discussion, the author finds that there are 3 obstacles faced by
the main character in the struggle, the first; swift currents and struggling without
lighting which is included in the need for security, and the second obstacle, the
main character is difficult to get clean food and drink which is included in the
psychological need so that he only eats raw fish and has difficulty getting clean
water and forced to save money to drink, the above constraints can be solved
by Maslow's theory of the need to answer the second discussion about the
obstacles experienced by the main character in struggling to meet his needs.
23
B. The Kinds of the Struggle Main Character to Fulfill Basic Needs
Based on the author's analysis of the main character's struggle to fulfill his
needs in the novel, the author finds 3 struggles, which can be seen in the
explanation below:
1. Struggle with One-self
As noted in the second chapter, struggling with oneself is a person who
cares and struggles with oneself, and this struggle with oneself is the wisest
person, and is the most difficult struggle, and the essence of this struggle
with oneself has 3 aspects, the first is to make one's thoughts, words, and
actions to respond to the demands of one's own ideals.
Santiago needs to fight with himself because he wants to fulfill his needs,
and to restore his pride as a fisherman and to get that, the writer finds that
Santiago has to fight to the sea alone to catch big fish, because Santiago
believes, by getting big fish, the price himself in society will return, his
needs will be well met and when Santiago struggles alone, Santiago goes
through many struggles with himself.
Datum 1
“He walked off, bare-footed on the coral rocks to the ice house
where the baits were stored.”50
From the text above, we can analyze the main character's struggle with
himself through an action he takes after the author can explain that the main
character of the analysis struggles with himself to endure the pain he feels
walking barefoot on a sharp rock to get to the warehouse. the ice where the
bait he will carry, he does it with patience and strength in order to continue
the initial struggle to find fish in the sea
Datum 2
“He ate the white eggs to give himself strength. He ate them all
through May to be strong in September and October for the truly big
fish. He also drank a cup of shark liver oil each day from the big
drum in the shack where many of the fishermen kept their gear. It
50 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 27
24
was there for all fisherman who wanted it. Most fishermen hated the
taste. But it was no worse than getting up at the hours that they rose
and it was very good against all colds and grippes and it was good
for the eyes.”51
The text above shows the form of struggle shown by the main character
by taking the action that santiago must fight with himself to maintain his
body strength for a full month by eating egg whites in order to carry out the
struggle in catching big fish in order to meet his needs and restore his pride
that has lost in society, and every day Santiago has to drink shark liver oil
which is in the hut where the santiago keep their equipment. Shark liver oil
is available for all fishermen who want to increase body strength but the
shark liver oil has a very unpleasant taste, such as waking up forcefully or
when drinking it an angry feeling of wanting to vomit is created there, but
the oil has a lot of benefits for the health of the body, such as preventing
colds, flu, and for eye health.
Struggling with himself that Santiago is doing is an act of struggle that is
being carried out, he struggles to make his body strong even though he has
to eat or drink shark oil which tastes very bad and in chapter 2 it has been
explained that a struggle requires a difficult initial process, struggle it's not
easy, if you want to achieve something we are encouraged to have patience,
never give up and be confident, there is no such thing as a struggle if the
road we face is without problems and too easy.
Datum 3
“Now!” he said aloud and struck hard with both hands, gained a
yard of line and then struck again and again, swinging with each
arm alternately on the cord with all the strength of his arms and the
pivoted weight of his body.”52
51 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 37 52Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 54
25
From the text above, the writer can analyze the main character's struggle
with himself by doing an action and talking to himself, the main character
utters himself loudly to command and encourage himself to pull one yard of
fishing line with full strength, and he shouted in a loud voice to himself
repeatedly to pull the fishing line with all the strength of his hands and
swung each hand in turn, both from the left hand to the right hand, the pull
was assisted by the pull of the hand that piled up on his body weight.
The struggle the main character carries out is in the form of a strong
struggle with himself, and he speaks to rule himself, a strong struggle over
what he does to fulfill his life needs as a fisherman, as the author analyzes
in the text above, the main character has a strong spirit, in accordance with
the theory. In chapter 2, the struggle requires high spirits, requires sacrifice,
requires patience, and Santiago has shown it in the text above.
Datum 4
“He held the line against his back and watched its slant in the water
and the skiff moving steadily to the north-west.”53
From the text above, the writer can analyze the struggle of the main
character with himself by doing an action in the form of a struggle to hold
the hook on his back and the old man still persists with his struggle even
though he struggles alone.
Datum 5
“I wish I had the boy,” the old man said aloud. “I’m being towed
by a fish and I’m the towing bitt. I could make the line fast. But then
he could break it. I must hold him all I can and give him line when
he must have it. Thank God he is traveling and not going down.”54
From the text above, the writer can analyze, there is a text in the form of
speech and actions of the main character talking to himself in a loud tone
about his hope that the little boy Manolin could accompany him at that time
53 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 45 54 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 55
26
in the struggle, after that Santiago was dragged by a fish that was in the
water, Santiago talking to himself that he was the tug and santiago said that
he could have stuck the hook he was holding, but he was worried that the
fish might break the rope, so Santiago also held on to the hook as best he
could, so he managed to make the fish go with the rope the hook.
The text above is a form of the main character's struggle by taking action
with himself, in order to fulfill his needs the main character tries to fight the
despair he is feeling, according to the theory in chapter 2 that struggle is
someone's effort to achieve something, so the text above explains that
Santiago is make efforts to achieve its goals.
Datum 6
“He knelt down and found the tuna under the stern with the gaff and
drew it toward him keeping it clear of the coiled lines. Holding the
line with his left shoulder again, and bracing on his left hand and
arm, he took the tuna of the gaff hook and put the gaff back in
place.”55
From the text above, the writer can analyze the main character who
struggles with himself by taking action on himself in the form of kneeling
to drag the tuna with his spear and keep the tuna away from the rolled hooks,
and Santiago holds the hook with his left shoulder, and fixed the palm with
his left arm, then he released the tuna from the hook on the fish spear, and
Santiago put the spear back in its place.
Santiago's struggle above is a struggle carried out by himself with his
own patience and strength without anyone else, as the author knows the
struggle is a person's effort to do something with the aim of achieving his
dream, so after the author of the text analysis above has shown his efforts
Santiago is strong in fighting and surviving with an unyielding attitude.
55 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 57
27
Datum 7
“He put his left foot on the heavy line that the left hand had held and
lay back against the pull against his back.”56
From the text above, the writer can analyze the main character who
struggles with himself by taking action on him by moving his left foot on a
heavy hook, which was initially held by the heavy hook by his left hand, the
main character leans forward to resist the heavy pull that is being held back
by his back. In hindsight, the novel text above is an example of the main
character's strong struggle with himself and he is an old man who is strong
and unyielding in achieving his goals without even complaining.
Datum 8
“He rested for what he believed to be two hours. The moon did not
rise now until late and he had no way of judging the time. No was
he really resting except com-paratively. He was still bearing the pull
of the fish across his shoulders but he placed his left hand on the
gunwale of the bow and confided more and more of the resistance
to the fish to the skiff itself.”57
From the text above, the writer can analyze the main character who
struggles with himself by taking an action, the text above states that the main
character can rest only for 2 hours, when he sleeps feelings of worry and
confusion always come to haunt him in guessing the time he thinks , so that
his eyes were closed like a sleeping person, while his head was still thinking
and Santiago was in a position to resist the tug of the fish on his shoulder,
but he placed his left hand on the lip of the bow and made full resistance to
the fish into the boat itself.
Datum 9
“Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought. You must
keep your head clear. Keep your head clear and know how to suffer
56 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 74 57 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 97
28
like a man. Or a fish, he tought. “Clear up, head,” he said in a voice
he could hardly hear. “Clear up.”58
From the text above, the writer can analyze about the main character who
struggles with himself by doing an action, thought and in the form of saying
the main character to himself, that he is feeling very deep confusion, then
the main character asks himself to stay calm and think clearly by dealing
with his suffering with strength, patience and unyielding attitude, that is the
attitude of the main character which is reflected in being very strong and
having strong self-confidence, then he also says that a man is strong and the
suffering he is experiencing now must be faced like a man that arose in his
mind.
In the text above again and again Santiago braces himself to keep
fighting, and says that he must think clearly, and he says it in a low and calm
voice, and he hardly hears it himself, and he always says you have to be
clear, clear in the sense of calm.
The text above shows Santiago's strong struggle with himself, that the
man is not weak, the man is strong, does not give up easily and always thinks
clearly, the text above can provide a very good lesson for readers about his
attitude in fighting even in difficult conditions, his attitude remains calm
and stay confident.
Datum 10
“Now I must prepare the nooses and the rope to lash him alongside,
he thought. Even if we were two and swamped her to load him and
bailed her out, this skiff would never hold him. I must prepare
everything, then bring him in and lash him well and step the mast
and set sail for home.”59
From the text above, the writer can analyze the struggle of the main
character with himself in the form of actions and words that he says to
58 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 118 59 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 95
29
himself by saying that he ordered himself to prepare knots and ropes to tie
it beside the boat, and he said that the canoe he was using was not would be
able to hold his body, so he had to prepare everything first, then he had to
raise and tie it well, then make sure the mast and he could start sailing.
The actions taken above are included in his struggle with himself,
because at the time he was talking to himself, he acted alone to make all the
efforts called struggle.
Datum 11
“Figh them,”he said. “I’II fight them until I die.”60
In the text above, Santiago talks to himself to keep the spirit to keep
fighting even until he dies.
The text above has shown that Santiago will not give up easily and remain
confident with his steps in fighting, even in difficult circumstances, and he
will do this until he dies.
Datum 12
“When he saw the shark he leaned over the side and punched at him.
He hit only meat and the hide was set hard and he barely got the
knife in. The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too.”61
In the text above, when Santiago saw the shark, he leaned to the side and
beat the shark and it only hit the surface of his body, the flesh and skin of
the stingray was very strong, and he almost lost his knife, the attack he did
not only hurt only his hands but also his shoulders.
The struggle above is in the form of actions taken by the main character
in fighting sharks that want to eat the marlin he got, but with strong courage
Santiago dares to fight the fish by using his own hands and using a knife,
thus making Santiago's body sick.
60 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 115 61 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 109
30
Datum 13
“The two sharks closed together and as he saw the one nearest him
open his jaws and sink them into the silver side of the fish, he raised
the club high and brought it down heavy and slamming onto the top
of the shark’s broad head. He felt the rubbery solidity as the club
came down. But he felt the rigidity of bone too and he struck the
shark once more hard across the point of the nose as he slid down
from the fish.”62
In the text above, there are 2 sharks approaching Santiago
simultaneously, then Santiago opens one of the jaws of the shark closest to
him and Santiago plunges into the silver side of the fish. Santiago raised the
bat he was holding high and dropped it hard and hit the top of the shark's
head, Santiago felt something soft as the bat dropped, and Santiago felt the
hard bone of the shark as well, and Santiago repeatedly hit the fish the shark
with his hand.
The struggle above is an example of Santiago's struggle with himself with
an action and effort carried out with his own hands, he fought the shark with
his own hands and without the slightest fear.
2. Struggle With Others
Struggling with other people is a struggle that is carried out together and
struggles with other people, in this struggle there are 3 things that must be
considered, the first is how to control other people or manage other people
in working together, the second, our responsibilities must be considered, and
how and other aspects of how we can be useful to others in various
conditions of life.
Struggling with other people is making people believe that someone has
the ability to do something and that the effort is done together. No one can
live alone or struggle alone without help or support from others and
everyone needs friends, family to support in the word struggle. Based on the
explanation above, the researcher has found some data in the form of text
62 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 113
31
taken from the English novel from Ernest Hemingway about struggling with
other people.
Datum 1
“They picked up the gear from the boat. The old man carried the
mast on his shoulder and the boy carried the wooden box with the
coiled, hard-braided brown lines, the gaff and the harpoon with is
shaft.”63
From the text above, the writer can analyze the struggle of the main
character which he confessed with a small manolin boy, and the struggle he
did with other people in meeting his needs, at that time the old man who
carried the heavy canoe on his shoulders, and the boy manolin helped carry
the wooden boat with braided rope in his hand, and the little boy also carried
the fish spear and the harpoon by the handle, then they walked together.
Datum 2
“They walked down the road to the old man‘s shack and all along
the road, in the dark, barefoot men were moving, carrying the masts
of their boats.64
the text above shows the form of struggle with other people, in the text
it is explained that the old man is carrying out an action that can be called a
struggle, in the text above, the old man and the little boy manolin want to
go fishing to meet their needs, at that time they make preparations together,
the old man began to struggle by walking without wearing sandals and going
through every step of the journey, as well as the manolin and they also
walked through the darkness at that time carrying equipment for fishing,
such as the masts of the boat they were carrying at that time.
63Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 15 64Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 26
32
Datum 3
“The boy was back now with the sardines and the two baits wrapped
in a newspaper and they went down the trail to the skiff, feeling the
pebbled sand under their feet, and lifted the skiff and slid her into
the water.”65
From the text above, the writer can analyze the struggle of the main
character with the little manolin boy, the text above shows that the little
manolin boy has brought bait in the form of sardines and he has wrapped it
in a newspaper, and they walked down the path to the canoe, they walked
on gravel sand without wearing footwear, and the gravel sand feels like it
hurts the soles of their feet, when they arrive, they launch the canoe into the
water, and they begin to struggle to meet their needs by waiting for the
canoes to catch fish for their daily life.
3. Struggle of Environment
Struggling with circumstances is one of the factors that encourage a
person to fight even stronger, because the circumstances around a person
are required to pay more attention to the control that will be carried out in
carrying out the struggle, struggling with this situation a person struggles
because of a coercive environment, which makes a person depressed and
intends to make yourself better.
Researchers can describe below an example of struggling due to
environmental factors.
Datum 1
“No one should be alone in thir old age, he thought. But it is
unavoidable. I must remember to eat the tuna before he spoils in
order to keep strong. Remember, no matter how little you want to,
that you must eat him in the morning. Remember, he said to
himself.”66
65Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 27 66 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 48
33
In the text above, the writer can analyze the character's struggle with
circumstances, in the text the main character tells himself that he should not
have to struggle alone with his old age, but his conditions and circumstances
forced him to struggle, and Santiago also said that he must remember to eat
before the tuna rots. He told himself to always remember not to care how
small his interest was, but he had to eat breakfast anyway, to stay strong he
said.
The struggle with the situation in the text above has shown that Santiago
has to fight the situation even though he is alone, but he must still eat and
must remain strong against the situation of facing the pull of the fish and
being carried away by the current he feels.
Datum 2
“In the darkness he loosened his sheath knife and taking all the
strain of the fish on his left shoulder he leaned back and cut the line
against the wood of the gunwale. Then he cut the other line closest
to him and in the dark made the loose ends of the reserve coils
fast.”67
From the text above, the writer can analyze the struggle with the
circumstances and the actions taken by the main character, the text above
describes the difficult situation without lighting, but the main character
tries to fight the situation by taking action to loosen his knife scabbard and
move the fish bridle to his left shoulder and he leans over his body
backwards and cut the hook on the cano's lip wood and then cut the hook
closest to him, so that the free ends of the reel were tied tightly.
The struggle with this situation has been described in the text above, the
main character struggles against the situation without lighting with
enthusiasm, even though the situation he feels at that time feels difficult,
but he still works and tries to fight in the midst of darkness with full
patience, that's all he did it to fulfill his needs as a fisherman.
67 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 51
34
Datum 3
“He took all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long
gone pride and he put it against the fish agony and the fish came
over onto his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost
touching the planking of the skiff and started to pass the boat, long,
deep, wide, silver, and barred with purple and interminable in the
water.”68
From the text above, the writer can analyze that the main character
struggles against the circumstances and the surrounding environment by
enduring extreme pain in order to restore his self-esteem, he compares with
the difficulties experienced by the fish, and the fish comes to his side and
swims gently beside him, the fish's snout is almost touched the canoe and
began to overtake the boat, the fish had a long, deep and wide body, silver
and purple stripes and endless in the water.
The struggle against the situation in the text above shows that the main
character struggles with the illness he suffers, but his lost pride in society
makes him a strong old fisherman.
Datum 4
“But he liked to think about all things that he was involved in and
since there was nothing to read and he did not have a radio, he
thought much and he kept on thinking about sin. You did not kill the
fish only to keep alive and to sell for food, he thought. You killed him
for pride and because you are a fisherman. You loved him when he
was alive and you loved him after. If you love him, it is not a sin to
kill him.”69
From the text above, the writer can analyze that the main character is
thinking about all the things that involve him, he thinks about the sins he
has committed, and he tells himself, that he doesn't kill fish just to stay
alive and just to sell food, then he said that he killed the fish for your pride,
your pride that has been lost in society as a fisherman who is considered
68 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 93 69 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 105
35
unlucky, so that you have struggled this far and he also accidentally killed
the big fish he got, then he told himself you love fish That's when he's alive
and you must love him when he's dead. He says, if you love the fish, you
will not sin.
The struggle above shows that Santiago is struggling with the
circumstances he is facing, a situation that is considered an unlucky
fisherman and Santiago is fighting for his pride as a fisherman, and he is
trying to fight the difficult circumstances he faces.
C. Main Character Obstacles to Fulfill Basic Needs
The obstacles that make it difficult for the main character to struggle, the
first is the obstacle of the swift current of water so that the main character is
difficult to control his canoe, and the obstacle of the two main characters
struggle without lighting, so that the main character is difficult to do a
business in the dark it is difficult to get food and get clean drinking water
and finally the main character is struggling alone and he needs friends to
help him in his struggle and will be answered with Maslow's theory of the
need for safety, and physiological needs. It can be seen in the explanation
below:
1. Physiological Needs
This need is the basic need of every individual, which is related to the
fulfillment of human physical needs. This first section discusses the basic
needs in human life related to biological aspects which include the need for
oxygen, food and water.
When an individual is deprived of oxygen, food, and drink, the individual
cannot struggle, and it can be an obstacle for an individual to survive, it can
be seen in the text below.
36
Datum 1
“What an excellent fish dolphin is to eat cooked,” he said.“And what
a miserable fish raw. I will never go in a boat again without salt or
limes.”70
In the text above, Santiago talks about the dolphins he eats, Santiago
mentions how good it is if the dolphins he eats are cooked first, and Santiago
mentions that the fish that he eats when it's still raw tastes very bad, and he
too went boating at that time with no lime.
The obstacles that Santiago experiences above are related to food, where the
text above states that Santiago only eats, raw food with a very bad taste, and
this really becomes an obstacle for Santiago in struggling, even a little food
will make an individual lack of energy, but Santiago still eats the raw fish
even if a little to maintain his strength.
Datum 2
“The old man still had two drinks of water in the bottle and he used
half of one after he had eaten the shrimps.”71
In the text above, Santiago must be frugal with the drinking water he
brings, because he only has a little more to drink, Santiago's remaining
drinks are only 2 more drinks, and Santiago also drank half of one of them
at that time.
The problem that Santiago is experiencing in the text above is that he
lacks clean drinking water that accompanies his struggles, and he also has
to be frugal, because drinking water is a basic need for every individual, and
drinking water is needed in human life.
2. Safety Needs
According to Maslow, humans really need a sense of security in their
lives, especially a sense of security from danger and threats.When a person
70 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 80 71 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 98
37
is in a state of chaos, in a state of fear, and feeling difficulties, it can be said
to be an unsafe condition, it can be an obstacle for someone in his life, when
an individual is struggling to achieve his goals, he needs a safe and
supportive condition, when a sense of security is not obtained, the level of
focus of an individual in work will be disturbed and it will be a difficult
thing for an individual.
It can be seen in the text below about the obstacles faced by the main
character when struggling.
Datum 1
“So he did it. It was difficult in the dark and once the fish made a
surge that pulled him down on his face and made a cut below his
eye. The blood ran down his check a little way. But it coagulated
and dried before it reached his chin and he worked his way back to
the bow and rested against the wood.”72
In the text above, Santiago has difficulty doing something in the dark,
but at that time he had to keep doing it, so the fish made a strong jolt that
pulled Santiago and he fell, so Santiago's face was hit by the fish, with that
incident, Santiago was injured in the side under his eyes, and blood ran down
his cheeks and dried on his chin.
The obstacles experienced by Santiago in the text above, Santiago has
difficulty doing something in the dark so that what he does becomes messy,
messy and hurts his face, he needs lighting so that what he is doing is visible
to his eyes.
Datum 2
“He’s headed north, “the old man said. The current will have set
us far to the eastward, he thought. I wish he would turn with the
current. That would show that he was tiring.”73
In the text above, Santiago is feeling worried about the currents that carry
his boat far to the east, this current makes it difficult for Santiago to control
72 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 52 73 Ernest Hermingway. The Old Man and The Sea. United States of America. 1952. P 53
38
his boat when sailing, Santiago also hopes that the fish he can soon feel
exhausted, so his boat will drift with the current.
the text above mentions that he was carried away by a strong current to
the east and Santiago also felt tired due to the current obstacle and santiago
thought that the marlin fish under Santiago's boat would take him along with
the current, this would happen when the marlin under his boat felt tired.
39
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
Based on the findings and discussion in the previous fourth chapter, the
researcher concludes that there are 3 types of struggles of the main
characters in Ernest Hemingway's novel The Old Man and The Sea 1)
Struggle with One-Self, where Santiago struggles with himself, against
sharks, and sails the ocean, with great struggle, holding the hook, resisting
the strong pull of the fish, eating raw fish and drinking shark liver for body
strength when fighting, and the struggle to walk through gravel stones
barefoot, and the struggle was all done by Santiago alone. 2) Struggle with
Other, in this struggle, Santiago struggles with a small child named manolin,
they struggle together in finding bait to catch fish, in order to meet their
needs, they walk through the gravel sand barefoot. 3) Struggle of
Environment, here Santiago struggles for the situation he was in at that time,
he was forced to fight for his pride as a fisherman who was considered
unlucky in society, then Santiago struggled with the circumstances at that
time having to eat tuna and fight the dark when doing the struggle.
Regarding the obstacles faced by the main character when struggling to
meet his needs, the researcher found that there were two obstacles that made
the struggle of the main character difficult, the obstacles were 1)
physiological needs, physiological needs that became obstacles for Santiago
seen when he was difficult to get food, lack of water to eat. drink, so
Santiago has to eat raw fish, and be frugal with his drink, 2) Safety needs,
on this need the researchers found when Santiago struggled against the
current and struggled in the dark without a light, so Santiago was seriously
injured by a strong jolt of the fish, so the water current The torrential rain
and the absence of lighting prevented Santiago from fighting.
40
B. Suggestions
After conducting research on the English novel The Old Man and The
Sea by Ernest Hemingway, the researcher would like to give some
suggestions regarding this matter to the readers. First, the author highly
recommends this novel to be read, because in this novel there are many
lessons about the life struggle of an old fisherman in fulfilling his daily
needs, in this novel there are many commendable attitudes reflected by the
main character, such as the unyielding attitude, the main character has
unyielding nature in the novel, never giving up to achieve his goal in
meeting needs, even though his physical condition is old, but he is very
strong and keeps trying without intending to back down, next is the self-
confidence, confident attitude that is reflected in this main character The
author highly recommends emulating it, because the author sees the main
character in the novel the old man and the sea always thinking positively
when he wants to achieve a goal, he believes that something he dreams of
will definitely come true, as long as he is serious in doing it and he believes
that God always protecting every step of the way. Furthermore, the
courageous attitude, the brave attitude reflected by the main character is an
extraordinary attitude, the main character is never afraid to face anything
when fighting, He fights everything that gets in the way of every struggle
even with a very old age without fear of death, and the last character is
patience in carrying out the struggle, which the author highly recommends
to readers is this patient nature, the patient nature reflected by this main
character is amazing, he is patient in facing every situation in life, he is
patient when going through something, he is patient when struggling alone
Because he knows everything that is done with patience will surely get good
results. The main character in this novel is an old fisherman who is strong
in achieving a goal he wants to achieve, regardless of his age he never stops
trying, because he strongly believes that a man is strong and cannot be
defeated by anything. Second, the researcher hopes that other researchers
who want to analyze the struggle can use this thesis as a reference and can
41
choose the object of this novel as a material to be studied, because the author
has not found previous research that discusses the struggle of the main
character in the Novel The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway,
only the author who became the first researcher to take the object of the
novel about the types of struggles and obstacles the main character struggles
in the novel.
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APENDIX I
Some text Related to the Formulation of the Problem in the Novel The Old
Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway
No
Kinds of Struggle
Struggle Text
Page
1
Struggle with One-Self
-He walked off, bare-footed
on the coral rocks to the ice
house where the baits were
stored
-He ate the white eggs to
give himself strength. He
ate them all through May to
be strong in September and
October for the truly big
fish. He also drank a cup of
shark liver oil each day
from the big drum in the
shack where many of the
fishermen kept their gear. It
was there for all fisherman
who wanted it. Most
fishermen hated the taste.
But it was no worse than
getting up at the hours that
they rose and it was very
good against all colds and
grippes and it was good for
the eyes
-page 46
-page 47
-page 48
-Now!” he said aloud and
struck hard with both hands,
gained a yard of line and
then struck again and again,
swinging with each arm
alternately on the cord with
all the strength of his arms
and the pivoted weight of
his body
-He held the line against his
back and watched its slant
in the water and the skiff
moving steadily to the
north-west
- I wish I had the boy,” the
old man said aloud. “I’m
being towed by a fish and
I’m the towing bitt. I could
make the line fast. But then
he could break it. I must
hold him all I can and give
him line when he must have
it. Thank God he is
traveling and not going
down.
- He knelt down and found
the tuna under the stern with
the gaff and drew it toward
him keeping it clear of the
coiled lines. Holding the
line with his left shoulder
-Page 49
-Page 50
-Page 51
again, and bracing on his
left hand and arm, he took
the tuna of the gaff hook
and put the gaff back in
place.
- He put his left foot on the
heavy line that the left hand
had held and lay back
against the pull against his
back.
-He rested for what he
believed to be two hours.
The moon did not rise now
until late and he had no way
of judging the time. No was
he really resting except
com-paratively. He was still
bearing the pull of the fish
across his shoulders but he
placed his left hand on the
gunwale of the bow and
confided more and more of
the resistance to the fish to
the skiff itself.
-Now you are getting
confused in the head, he
thought. You must keep
your head clear. Keep your
head clear and know how to
suffer like a man. Or a fish,
he tought. “Clear up, head,”
-Page 52
-Page 53
-Page 54
he said in a voice he could
hardly hear. “Clear up.
-Now I must prepare the
nooses and the rope to lash
him alongside, he thought.
Even if we were two and
swamped her to load him
and bailed her out, this skiff
would never hold him. I
must prepare everything,
then bring him in and lash
him well and step the mast
and set sail for home.
- Figh them,”he said. “I’II
fight them until I die.
- When he saw the shark he
leaned over the side and
punched at him. He hit only
meat and the hide was set
hard and he barely got the
knife in. The blow hurt not
only his hands but his
shoulder too.
- The two sharks closed
together and as he saw the
one nearest him open his
jaws and sink them into the
silver side of the fish, he
raised the club high and
brought it down heavy and
slamming onto the top of
-Page 55
-Page 56
-Page 57
-Page 58
2
3
Struggle With Others
Struggle of
Environment
the shark’s broad head. He
felt the rubbery solidity as
the club came down. But he
felt the rigidity of bone too
and he struck the shark once
more hard across the point
of the nose as he slid down
from the fish.
-The boy was back now
with the sardines and the
two baits wrapped in a
newspaper and they went
down the trail to the skiff,
feeling the pebbled sand
under their feet, and lifted
the skiff and slid her into the
water.
-No one should be alone in
thir old age, he thought. But
it is unavoidable. I must
remember to eat the tuna
before he spoils in order to
keep strong. Remember, no
matter how little you want
to, that you must eat him in
the morning. Remember, he
said to himself.
- In the darkness he
loosened his sheath knife
and taking all the strain of
the fish on his left shoulder
-Page 59
-Page 60
-Page 61
he leaned back and cut the
line against the wood of the
gunwale. Then he cut the
other line closest to him and
in the dark made the loose
ends of the reserve coils
fast.
-He took all his pain and
what was left of his strength
and his long gone pride and
he put it against the fish
agony and the fish came
over onto his side and swam
gently on his side, his bill
almost touching the
planking of the skiff and
started to pass the boat,
long, deep, wide, silver, and
barred with purple and
interminable in the water.
- But he liked to think about
all things that he was
involved in and since there
was nothing to read and he
did not have a radio, he
thought much and he kept
on thinking about sin. You
did not kill the fish only to
keep alive and to sell for
food, he thought. You killed
him for pride and because
-Page 62
-Page 63
you are a fisherman. You
loved him when he was
alive and you loved him
after. If you love him, it is
not a sin to kill him.
No Obstacles of Struggle Text Page
1
2
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
- What an excellent fish
dolphin is to eat cooked,” he
said. “And what a miserable
fish raw. I will never go in a
boat again without salt or
limes.
- The old man still had two
drinks of water in the bottle
and he used half of one after
he had eaten the shrimps.
- So he did it. It was difficult
in the dark and once the fish
made a surge that pulled
him down on his face and
made a cut below his eye.
The blood ran down his
check a little way. But it
coagulated and dried before
it reached his chin and he
worked his way back to the
-Page 64
-Page 65
-Page 66
bow and rested against the
wood.
- He’s headed north, “the
old man said. The current
will have set us far to the
eastward, he thought. I wish
he would turn with the
current. That would show
that he was tiring
-Page 67
APPENDIX II
The Old Man and the Sea tells the story of an old fisherman named Santiago,
an experienced old fisherman, but one time, he spent 80 days without catching a
fish, in the community, he is called salao, which is the worst form of misfortune.
Santiago has a friend, his name is Manolin. In the first 40 days, Manolin
sailed with Santiago. However, due to Santiago's misfortune, Manolin's parents
forbade him to go sailing with Santiago. However, Manolin is a very good young
boy. Even though his parents forbade him to sail with Santiago, Manolin still
helped the old man to roll up the rope or harpoon and the sail that was rolled up on
the mast of the boat. Manolin also assists Santiago in preparing supplies and bait
before leaving for sailing. Every now and then, Manolin brings sardines to
Santiago.
On day 85, Santiago went sailing alone to the Gulf Stream, which is located
in the Atlantic Ocean. The place is famous for its swift water currents. In the
afternoon, the bait is eaten by very large marlin fish. He imagined how expensive
the fish would be if sold in the market.
However, during his journey at sea by resisting the pull of the big marlin,
Santiago was tired, hungry, if at night he was dark without lighting, but he was a
strong old man, He was very confident and did not give up easily, Santiago's marlin
fish was attacked by 2 large sharks and tearing the flesh of the marlin, Santiago
fearlessly hit the shark with the wood in his hand and Santiago kept the marlin still
in his hand.
Finally, Santiago's boat has almost reached the cliff. When Santiago lifted
his marlin fish, all that was left were bones, but the very large marlin bones had
never been seen by the public before, so people were amazed to see Santiago's
struggle.
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