the philippines amidst climate change-lec
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The Philippine Environment
Amidst Climate Change
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PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY
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Biodiversity refers to thetotality of life forms in the
areas they occupy
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITYFood
FISHcomprises 10% of protein intakeglobally and 50-60% that of Filipinos.
Food for all living organisms not
just for man!
> 90% calorie intake globally
comes from 80PLANT SPECIES
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Medicines80% of the worlds population use
plants as 1 source of medicine
30% of all pharma medicines aredeveloped from plants and animals
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Fuel, timber, fiber and other resources
Most houses, furniture and even many
clothes are made from natural products,including wood, oils, resins, waxes,gums and fibers.
The cocoons of silk worms are the basis
of the valuable, centuries-old Asian silk-making industry.
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
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Air and water purification
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
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Drought, erosion and flood control
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
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Social / cultural value
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is directly linked with traditional,spiritual and cultural values of people.
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Economic value
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
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82 species are FOUND ONLY
in the Philippines
105 species of AMPHIBIANS
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More than 254
species of Reptiles
with 208
species
endemictothe Philippine
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BIRDSA total of 576 species of birds
196 of these occur only in thePhilippines
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Of the 179 species of land mammals,111 speciesare found only in the Philippine
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Around 20,940 species
of insects
69.8% are endemics
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estimated 15,000 species, 50% are endemics
70 80% Flowering plants
193 Threatened species
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INLAND WATERS
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211 Lakes, 18 major rivers,
22 marshes, swamps and
reservoir
INLAND WATERS
PHILIPPINE WETLANDS1616 species of aquatic plants
3675 species of fauna
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MANGROVES
Around 60 mangrove plant
species in the world54 mangroves and related
species occur in thePhilippines
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Corals462coral speciesrecorded(Werner and
Allen, 2000)Highest inthe world !!!
Eastern Papua NewGuinea with 380 species;
Ryukyu / YaeyamaIslands with 370
Great Barrier Reef,Australia with 350
FISH
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FISH
Philippine Total = 2,459/4,000 species in the Indo-Pacific region
(Fish Base 2000)
82 (possibly 98) species arePhilippine Endemics
2,241 marine species (2/3coral reef-associated)
209 freshwater species
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Molluscs22,000 freshwater, land and marine species
photos by Evette Lee
Seven occurin Philippine
waters
Nine speciesof
Giant Clams
worldwide
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worlds largest eagle
terrestrial venomous
snake
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largest / longest snake
- hardest
wood
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One of the smallest deer
1 of the Smallest primitiveprimates
One of the Largest flowers
Worlds 2 largest bats
Worlds largest rat
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Giant Clam
Boring Clam
Porcelain Clam
Sperm whale
Killer whaleMinke Whale
Dugong
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Whale Shark
Giant Manta Ray
Saltwater crocodile
Leatherback turtle
Photo by Evette Lee
Dwarf Pygmy Goby -
Sinarapan / Bia / Tabios -
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One of the Worlds Richest in
Mineral Resources 2nd to Indonesia in geological
prospectivity in SouthEast Asia
2nd to South Africa in Gold production
3rd in copper production
3rd in Gold, 4th in Copper deposits
5th in Nickel deposits
6th in Chromite in nickel deposits
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Composition and current characteristics of biodiversityin the Philippine Marine environment (source: DENR, 1997)
Taxon Number
Economically
Important Threatened
Marine Fungi 7
Sea Grasses 16 3
Algae 1,062 531 60
Corals1 381
Other Invertebrates 1,616 152 47
Fish2 1,831 672
Mammals3 18 18 18
Reptiles 20 20 20
Total* 4,951 1,396 145
1
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Status of Philippine Mangroves
! loss is largely due to fishpond conversion of mangroves
! reclamation for residential, commercial & industrialpurposes and excessive harvesting of trees for fuel
1918 450,000 hectares (Brown and Fisher, 1920)
1997 only 112,400 hectares (24.97%) remains!!! (Phil.Forestry Statistics, 1998)
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Total number of wildlife species in the Philippines
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1875 1949 1970 1987 1992
Forest loss in Negros
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Extent of Forest Cover Loss in the last 100 years
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Source: Environmental Science for Social Change, 1999
y
Less than 6%of the countrysoriginalforest remains!
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YEAR 2002
18% forest cover
< 3% original forest remains!!!
Km2
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0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1990
YEAR
Extent of Original Forest Cover in the Philippines
KmFORESTCOVER
Spanish colonization (270,000 km2
)
American colonization (210,000 km2)
Philippine Independence 1950s (150,000 km2)
Post EDSA Revolution (8,000 km2)
Land area (300,000 km2)
(400 years)
(100 years)
(50 years)
(40 years)
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Countrys productivity
* "Declining"productivity ofthe country'sagriculturallands andfisheries.
.
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These areas
become
increasingly
degraded andpushed beyond
their capacity to
produce
Cause: Rapid forest
loss has eliminated
habitat for unique and
threatened plant andanimal species; it has
also left large tracts of
land in the Philippines
vulnerable to soilerosion
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*The loss of
nutrient rich soilreduces crop yields
and contributes to
the expanded useof chemical
fertilizers - a
practice that can,in turn, pollute
water sources.
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Rivers and streams
also carry eroded
soil to the coasts,
where it interfereswith fish nursery
areas.
* Soil runoffinto
fish breeding and
nursery areas is
one of severalfactors leading to
the overall decline
in productivity offisheries in the
Philippines
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Consequences
Food insecurity. The lack of a stable and reliablefood supply contributes to poor nutritional status formany Filipinos, especially for children:
Approximately 28 percent of children under 5 areunderweight (DOH Report, 2006)
Food insecurity also contributes to increases inenvironmentally destructive practices such as
slash-and-burn agriculture ("kaingin" farming)or the use of dynamite to increase short-term fishcatches.
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. * In 1970, 32 percent
of the countryspopulation lived in
urban areas.
* Today, 48 percent is
crowded into cities,where housing and
infrastructure struggle
to keep pace with the
growing numbers.
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Overcrowding andinsufficient housingcan be particularlydetrimental to
children: Studies havesuggested that infantmortality rates inManila's slums are
three times higherthan in non-slumareas
i i i f b hi d A l
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Water crisis is not far behind: Access to cleanand adequate water is an acute seasonalproblem in Metro Manila, Central Luzon,
Southern Tagalog, and Central Visayas.
Government monitoring data showed that upto 58 percent of the country's water ground is
contaminated with coliform bacteria, causingsuch diseases as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery,and hepatitis A.
studies show that thereis a steady 30-50%drop in the levels of the countrys watersources for the past 20 years or an averagedrop of 1 meter/year
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While on the average, the atmospheresmoisture is renewed every 8 days, streamwater every 16 days, soil moisture annually,
swamp water in 5 years, lake water in 17years, groundwater renews only after 1,400years.
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(Sources of Water continuation)
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Industrial Pollution
Aquaculture
(Sources of Air continuation)
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Mobile Pollution
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Domestic Pollution
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DIRECT
Deforestation due to unsustainablelogging, farming and relatedpractices
Aquatic destruction due tounsustainable fishing anddeforestation
Conflicting and poor policies
Poor law enforcement Pollution Natural extinction
INDIRECT
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Povertyfrom 47% Erap regime to 65% now (2 out
of 3 feel extreme hunger)
Overpopulation87.6 Million (August 1, 2007)
Corruption
Lack of knowledge/Miseducation
Apathy (Tragedy of the Common)
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Laws of Ecology
Natures Law of Interrelatedness
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Nature s Law of Interrelatedness
All things are
interconnected
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S020k92PdJw5EAxtqJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBqdGFzdWxiBHBvcwMxNQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZAM-/SIG=1k2u9lq7k/EXP=1241065917/**http:/images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dtree%26y%3DSearch%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26ei%3Dutf-8%26js%3D1%26x%3Dwrt&w=442&h=500&imgurl=static.flickr.com%2F72%2F195272287_cb92418508.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fjoao%2F195272287%2F&size=285k&name=another+sunset%2C+...&p=tree&oid=3be93268f8edc10a&fusr=joaobambu&hurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fjoao%2F&no=15&tt=22877369&sigr=11cpnbmkk&sigi=11dl1ten0&sigb=12tombnt1&sigh=112nmht69 -
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Law of Conservation of Matter
Everything
Must Go
somewhere!
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Nature Knows Best
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In the end, we will conserve
only what we love, we will loveonly what we understand, and
we will understand only whatwe are taught.
-Baba Dioum, a Senegalese conservationist
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