the non-profit sector by lester salamon
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
GLOBALGLOBALCIVIL SOCIETY: CIVIL SOCIETY:
An OverviewAn OverviewLester M. SalamonLester M. Salamon
DenmarkDenmarkSeptember 14, 2006September 14, 2006
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Government Sector
For-Profit Sector
Civil Society Sector
The Global The Global
Associational RevolutionAssociational Revolution
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
NGOs
Museums
Hospitals
Universities
Environmental Groups Clinics
Human Rights Groups
Professional Organizations
Sports Clubs
Day Care Centers
Foundations
Social Services
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Global Associational Revolution Why?
z Crisis of the market and state
z Communications Revolution
z Social Entrepreneurs
z Outside Support
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Treatment of Nonprofit Institutions in the SNA
Sectors of the SNA System
HHouseholds
GGovernment Units
C1Corporations C2
N4N3N2N1Nonprofit Instistutions N5
NPISH Sector
S.15
Households
Sector
S.14
General Government
SectorS.13
NonfinancialCorporations
Sector S.11
Type of Institutional Unit Financial
Corporations SectorS.12
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
CC
NN
PP
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
5 Objectives
D
E
E
P
IN
escribe
xplain
valuate
ublicize
digenize
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Approach:omparative C
C
C
C
C
C
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Project Countries
Venezuela
Colombia
Brazil
Chile
Mexico
Argentina
Slovakia
Hungary
RomaniaPoland
Japan
United States
Australia
Israel
Ireland
TheNetherlands
Austria
Spain
Germany
FinlandBelgium
France
Norway
Italy
United Kingdom
Russia
New Zealand
Canada
Denmark
Egypt
Kenya
Tanzania
UgandaSouth Africa
India
Pakistan
The Philippines
Korea
Thailand
Portugal
Morocco
Ghana
Peru
Lebanon
Switzerland
Sweden Czech RepublicDenmark
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Approach :omparative C
C
C
C
C
C
ollaborative
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Collaborative Argentina - Mario Roitter Australia - Mark Lyons Austria Ulrike Schneider Belgium - Jacques Defourny &
Sybille Mertens Brazil - Leilah Landim & Neide
Beres Canada Michael Hall Chile Ignacio Irarrazaval Colombia - Rodrigo Villar Czech Republic - Martin Potucek
& Pavol Fric Denmark Ole Gregersen &
Thomas Boje Egypt Amani Kandil Finland Susan Sundback
France - Edith Archambault Germany - Annette Zimmer &
Eckhard Priller Hungary - Istvn Sebestny &
Renata Nagy India Rajesh Tandon & S.S.
Srivastava Ireland - Freda Donoghue Israel - Benjamin Gidron Italy Gian Paolo Barbetta Japan - Naoto Yamauchi Kenya Karuti Kanyinga Korea, Republic of - Tae-Kyu Park Lebanon Hashem el-Husseini Mexico - Gustavo Verduzco &
CEMEFI
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Collaborative Russia Oleg Kazakov Slovakia - Helena Wolekov South Africa - Mark Swilling Spain - Jose Ignacio Ruiz
Olabuenaga Sweden - Tommy Lundstrom &
Filip Wijkstrom Switzerland Bernd Helmig Tanzania - Laurean Ndumbaro
& Amos Mhina Thailand Amara Pongsapich Uganda John-Jean Barya United Kingdom Les Hems &
Karl Wilding United States - Lester Salamon
& Wojtek Sokolowski Venezuela Rosa Amelia
Gonzalez
Morocco - Salama Saidi The Netherlands - Paul Dekker
& Bob Kuhry New Zealand Diana Suggate Norway - Hakon Lorentzen &
Karl Henrik Sivesind Pakistan Muhammad Asif Iqbal Peru - Felipe Portocarrero &
Cynthia Sanborn The Philippines - Ledivina
Cario Poland - Ewa Les & Slawomir
Nalecz Portugal Raquel Campos
Franco Romania - Carmen Epure
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
CNP FundersFundacion FES (Colombia)Fundacion Minera Escondido (Chile)Gerbert Ruf Stiftung (Switzerland)Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal)Humboldt Foundation/Transcoop (Germany)Imagine CanadaIndustry Commission (Australia)Institute for Human Sciences (Austria)Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (Chile)Inter-American Development BankInter-American FoundationJuliana Welzijn Fonds (Netherlands)Kahanoff Foundation (Canada)W.K. Kellogg Foundation (U.S.)Krber Foundation (Germany)Luso-American Development Foundation
(Portugal)Ministry of Church & Education (Norway)Ministry of Culture & Sports (Norway)Ministry of Education, Culture & Science
(Netherlands)Ministry of Environment (Norway)Ministry of Family & Children (Norway)Ministry of Family/World Bank (Venezuela)Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway)Ministry of Health, Sports & Welfare (Netherlands)Ministry of Social Affairs (Denmark)Ministry of Social Affairs & Health (Finland)
Ministry of Social Development (New Zealand)
C.S. Mott Foundation (U.S.)National Department of Planning
(Colombia)National Research Fund (Hungary)Norwegian Research CouncilOPECOpen Society Foundation (Slovakia)David and Lucile Packard FoundationIlidio Pinho Foundation (Portugal)Productivity Commission (Australia)Research Council of NorwayRockefeller Brothers Fund (U.S.)Joseph Rowntree Foundation (U.K.)Sasakawa Peace Foundation (Japan)SENACServicio de Cooperacion Tecnica (Chile)The Skoll FoundationTelefonica CTC ChileThe Tindall Foundation (New Zealand)UNDP (Chile)U.S. Agency for International
DevelopmentU.S. Information ServiceUniversity of Witwatersrand (South
Africa)Yad Hadaniv Foundation (Israel)
Academy of FinlandAga Khan FoundationArab Gulf FundThe Atlantic PhilanthropiesAustralian Bureau of StatisticsAustralian Research CouncilAustrian Science FoundationCanadian Fund (Slovakia)Charities Aid Foundation (U.K.)Civil Society Development Foundation
(Czech Republic)Civil Society Development Foundation
(Romania)Civil Society Development Foundation
(Slovakia)Colombian Center on PhilanthropyThe Combined Community Trusts (New
Zealand)Department of Social Welfare (South Africa)Deutsche Bank Foundation (Germany)FIN (Netherlands) Fondation de France Fondation Roi Baudouin (Belgium)Ford Foundation Foundation for an Open Society (Hungary)Fundacion Andes (Chile)Fundacion Antonio Restrepo Barco (Colombia)Fundacion Banco Bilbo Vizcaya (Spain)
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Approach :omparative C
C
C
C
C
C
ollaborative
onsultative
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Approach :omparative C
C
C
C
C
C
ollaborative
onsultative
ommon Definition
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Common Definition
z Breadth: To accommodate diversity
z Clarity: To differentiate CSOs from government and business
z Bottom-Up: To root in local realities
z Operational: To facilitate research
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Common Features
Organizations
Private
Non-Profit Distributing
Self-Governing
Voluntary
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Broad Coverage
1. Culture & Recreation2. Education & Research3. Health
4. Social Services
5. Environment
6. Development and Housing
7. Civic & Advocacy
8. Philanthropy9. International
10. Religion
11. Business & Professional, Unions
12. Not ElsewhereClassified
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Approach :omparative C
C
C
C
C
C
ollaborative
onsultative
ommon Definition
onsistent Methodology
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Consistent Methodologyz Common Variables
z Existing national data sources
z Targeted organizational surveys
z Special household surveys of giving
and volunteering
z Hypernetwork sampling
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Approach :omparative C
C
C
C
C
C
ollaborative
onsultative
ommon Definition
onsistent Methodology
uantitativo
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Global Civil Society, Volume Two
Order Information: Kumarian Press, www.kpbooks.com
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Finding 1:
A Major Economic Force
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
The Scale of Nonprofit Activity, 40 Countries
48.4 million full time equivalent jobs
$1.9 trillion in operating expenditures
4.6% of economically active population
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
If the civil society sector were a country...
Country GDP (trillion $)United States $11.7Japan 4.6Germany 2.7
China 1.7
United Kingdom 2.1
France 1.9
Italy 1.2
Civil Society LandExpenditures (40 Countries)
1.9*
Canada 1.0Spain 1.0Brazil 0.6Russia 0.6
* In 2004 U.S. Dollars Source of GDP Figures: World Bank
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Civil Society Organization Workforce in context, 40 countries
110.4
46.5
41.3
6.2
48.4
Manufacturing
construction
transportation
Utilities
Civil Society Orgs.*
Number of employees (millions)* Including volunteers
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Employment in Civil Society Organizations vs. Largest firms
Civil Society Organizations
48 million
Largest Private Companies
4 million
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Finding 2:
Great Variations in Size Among
Countries and Regions
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by country
2.9 1.7 4.6%40 countries
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by country
1.82.3
2.83.2
2.82.9
2.63.8
2.43.5
4.43.8
1.72.7
3.76.6
4.86.3
8.3
8.49.2
2.9
1.61.5
1.11.0
1.51.9
2.21.1
2.82.3
1.92.7
5.14.4
3.71.4
3.63.5
2.1
2.75.1
1.7
3.4%3.8%
4.0%4.2%4.3%
4.8%4.9%4.9%
5.3%5.9%
6.3%6.6%
7.1%7.2%
7.6%8.0%
8.5%9.8%
10.4%10.9%11.1%
14.4%4.6%
8.6 2.3
South AfricaItaly
PortugalJapanSpain
ArgentinaChile
AustriaFinland
GermanyAustraliaDenmarkSwedenNorwayFrance
IsraelUnited Kingdom
United StatesIreland
BelgiumCanada
Netherlands40 countries
Paid staff
Volunteers
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
CSO workforce as a share of the economically active population, by country
0.4%0.8%0.8%0.8%1.0%1.1%
1.4%1.5%1.6%
1.9%2.0%2.1%2.1%2.3%2.4%2.4%2.5%
2.8%4.6%
MexicoRomania
PolandSlovakiaPakistanHungary
IndiaMorocco
BrazilPhilippines
Czech RepublicTanzania
KenyaUganda
ColombiaKorea, Rep. of
PeruEgypt
40 countries
Paid staff
Volunteers
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Volunteers as share of CSO workforce
39%38%38%
Developing and transitionalDeveloped
40 countries
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Volunteers as share of CSO workforce
37%38%39%40%40%40%41%
43%44%
47%47%
52%53%
54%55%56%
59%63%64%
75%76%
39%38%38%
NetherlandsPeru
KenyaArgentina
ItalyGermanyPakistanDenmark
United KingdomSouth Africa
ChileFrance
MoroccoFinland
RomaniaIndia
UgandaNorway
PhilippinesTanzaniaSweden
Developing andDeveloped
40 countries
Developing
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Volunteers as share of CSO workforce
3%12%
18%18%
21%21%22%22%23%
24%25%25%
29%30%31%
33%35%36%
37%39%
38%38%
EgyptBrazilIsrael
HungaryPolandIreland
BelgiumAustria
Korea, Rep. ofColombia
JapanCanada
PortugalSlovakiaAustralia
MexicoSpain
CzechUnited States
DevelopingDeveloped
40 countries
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Finding 3:
Not Just Services
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Roles and Functions
Service Provision Advocacy Expression Community-Building Value Guardian
Source: Lester M. Salamon, The State of Nonprofit America(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002)
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Roles of the Civil Society Sector
Education Health Social Services Development and Housing
Service
Expressivez Culture, Sports and Recreationz Environmental Protectionz Civic and Advocacyz Unions, Professional and Business Associations
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Distribution of civil society workforce, by function (34 countries)
Education22%
Social Services20%
Expressive Fields32%
Service Fields63%
Other fi
elds
5%
Culture19%
Professional, Advocacy, andEnvironment
13%
Health13%
Development7%
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Finding 4:
Not a Substitute for Government
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Source of civil society organization revenue, 38 countries
Philanthropy 12%
Government 35%
Fees 53%
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Sources of civil society revenue, by country (fee-dominant)
52% 35% 12%38 countriesFees Government Philanthropy
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Sources of civil society revenue, by country (fee-dominant)
47%48%49%51%51%52%53%53%55%55%55%57%58%58%60%61%62%63%
70%70%71%73%74%
81%85%
92%52% 35% 12%
Czech RepublicPortugal
SpainIndia
PakistanJapan
DenmarkTanzaniaHungaryUganda
SlovakiaUnited States
FinlandNorwayPoland
ItalySweden
AustraliaPeru
ColombiaKorea, Rep. of
ArgentinaBrazilKenya
MexicoPhilippines
38 countries
Fees Government Philanthropy
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Sources of civil society revenue, by country (fee-dominant)
47%48%49%51%51%52%53%53%55%55%55%57%58%58%60%61%62%63%
70%70%71%73%74%
81%85%
92%52%
39%40%
32%36%
6%45%
40%27%27%
7%22%
31%36%35%
24%37%
29%31%
18%15%
24%19%
15%5%
9%5%
35%
14%12%
19%13%
43%3%
7%20%
18%38%
23%13%
6%7%
15%3%
9%6%
12%15%
4%7%11%
14%6%
3%12%
Czech RepublicPortugal
SpainIndia
PakistanJapan
DenmarkTanzaniaHungaryUganda
SlovakiaUnited States
FinlandNorwayPoland
ItalySweden
AustraliaPeru
ColombiaKorea, Rep. of
ArgentinaBrazilKenya
MexicoPhilippines
38 countries
Fees Government Philanthropy
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Sources of civil society revenue, by country (government-dominant)
12%52% 35%38 countries
Fees Government Philanthropy
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Sources of civil society revenue, by country (government-dominant)
44%
45%
46%
47%
51%
50%
58%
59%
64%
64%
77%
77%
12%52% 35%
South Africa
Romania
Chile
United Kingdom
Canada
Austria
France
Netherlands
Israel
Germany
Belgium
Ireland
38 countries
Fees Government Philanthropy
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Sources of civil society revenue, by country (government-dominant)
32%
29%
36%
45%
39%
43%
35%
39%
26%
32%
19%
16%
44%
45%
46%
47%
51%
50%
58%
59%
64%
64%
77%
77%
24%
26%
18%
9%
9%
6%
8%
2%
10%
3%
5%
7%
12%52% 35%
South Africa
Romania
Chile
United Kingdom
Canada
Austria
France
Netherlands
Israel
Germany
Belgium
Ireland
38 countries
Fees Government Philanthropy
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Denmark vs. Nordic and Global Patterns of Civil Society Sectors
Denmark Nordic All Countries*Workforce
FTE paidFTE VolunteersFTE Total
3.8%2.7%6.6%
2.7%3.7%
2.9%1.7%
6.5% 4.6%Composition of Workforce
ServiceExpressiveOther
52%41%7%
38%58%
63%32%
4% 5%
As percent of total nonprofit cash revenuesFeesGovernmentPhilanthropy
53%40%7%
58%35%
53%35%
7% 12%As percent of GDP
FeesGovernmentPhilanthropy
3.9%3.0%0.5%
2.9%1.8%
2.0%1.9%
0.4% 0.4%
CASH REVENUES
Total Support (with volunteers)As percent of total nonprofit cash and volunteer support
Fees 40% 36% 42%Government 31% 23% 28%Philanthropy 29% 41% 31%
GovernmentPhilanthropy
Fees3.0%2.8%
3.9%As percent of GDP
1.8%2.9%
3.1%
2.0%1.9%1.5%
1
2, 4
3
3
4
* Workforce: 40 countries; composition: 37 countries, revenue 38c. 1: As percent of economically active population; 2: As percent of total nonprofit workforce; 3: Percentages may not add to 100% due to rounding; 4: Figures for fees and government are the same as those for cash.
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
Finding 5:
A Fragile Organism
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
U.N. NPI HANDBOOK COMMITTED IMPLEMENTERS
Africa and Middle EastCameroon GhanaMali KenyaMorocco South Africa Uganda Zimbabwe
OtherIsrael
AsiaKyrgyzstan India Philippines
Latin AmericaArgentina Brazil Peru
North AmericaCanada United States
Central EuropeCzech Republic Slovakia
EuropeBelgium Italy France
Developing and Transitional CountriesDeveloped Countries
AsiaAustralia Japan Korea New Zealand
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
the science of association is the mother of all science; the progress of all the rest depends on the progress it has made.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville
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The Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project
CCNNPP
More Information and Publications at :
www.jhu.edu/ccss
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