the new republic 1789-1824
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The New Republic1789-1824
The Presidencies of George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James
Madison, and James Monroe
America in 1790
• 1790 census – 4 million• What percent lived on
farms?• Five biggest cities – – What did they have in
common?• Public debt in 1790– What is the big deal with
our currency?
Washington’s Administration
• Election• Cabinet– Where in the
Constitution does it mention the Cabinet?
– Who were the members of the first Cabinet?• State, Treasury, War,
Attorney General
Washington established many governmental precedents.PRECEDENT: an example that would become a standard practice.
• Shows use of “implied powers”• Created by Washington • First 4 departments 1) Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson
foreign affairs 2) Secretary of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton
money 3) Secretary of War- Henry Knox
military 4) Attorney General- Edmund Randolph
justice/law
Establishment of the Court SystemFederal Judiciary Act of 1789
passed by Congress1. Created an independent federal court system with the
Supreme Court and lower level courts.2. US Supreme Court=a Chief Justice and 5 associate
justices. (Today we have 9).3. Washington appoints John Jay as Chief Justice.
Hamilton’s Economic PlanBelieved if government favored the wealthy, in the long run all would benefit=stronger country “trickle down” theoryAlso believed that support from the wealthy would create a strong central governmentAssumption Bill-wanted Congress to assume debts accumulated by the national government and statesBelieved tariffs needed to get money to pay off debt (taxed whiskey@ 7 cents a gallon) Favored a National Bank
Issue of Banks and ConstitutionHamilton v. Jefferson
• Said what the Constitution did not forbid it permitted
• Stated congress can pass any laws “necessary and proper”
• If the national gov. was to collect taxes and trade it needed a bank
• “loose construction”
• Said the constitution had no written authority to est. a bank
• Said it must then reside w/ states (10th Amendment)
• “Strict construction”
Political Parties Emerge• Political parties (fractions) emerge out of the new issues
facing the nation• Created in 1790 as Jefferson and Madison organize
opposition against a federal bank
Washington’s Administration
• Loose construction vs. strict construction– Define– “Elastic clause”
Washington leaves office
• Leaves after 2nd term (retires)• Federalists back John Adams (Washington’s
VP)• Democratic-Republicans back Thomas
Jefferson• Adams won 71 to 68 Electoral Votes
Adams Administration
• Aristocrat• Harvard Education• Did not appeal to the masses
1796• JOHN ADAMS ELECTED
2ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
• XYZ Affair – 1798 – French wanted bribes to negotiate with America
• Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 – allowed the President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies.
XYZ Affair
• Adams sent an envoy to help fix relations w/ France headed by John Marshall
• Instead of meeting the French Minister he met X,Y and Z
• Asked for 32 million florins and another 250,000 dollars in order for the Americans to speak to Talleyrand.
• Marshall refused and the U.S. prepared for war
“Millions for Defense”
• Navy Department created (expanded from its 3 ships)
• Marine Corps reestablished• New army of 10,000 men
The Little man and America
• 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte becomes new French Minister
• Adams sends envoys to France• Treaty of Convention 1800- peacetime military
alliance between the two• U.S. agreed to pay damage claims of American
Shippers
Domestic Policy Under Adams
• Issue of immigration from Western Europe 1. raised residence requirements from 5 years to 14 2. Alien Laws: President could deport “dangerous” persons even in time of peace 3. Sedition Acts- those who spoke out against the gov. would be fined & imprisoned (set to expire in 1801)
The Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
• Jefferson & Madison challenge the Alien & Sedition Acts
• Compact Theory- individual states were to be the final judges of the Federal gov. overstepping its “compact”
• Used as a platform for the election of 1800
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