the new agrarian change?
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Liz Deakin, Mrigesh Kshtryia, Frédéric Baudron, Terry SunderlandAssociation for Tropical Biology Conference – Honolulu, 14th July 2015
The New Agrarian Change? Exploring the dynamic interplay between forest conservation, food security and commodity production in tropical forest landscapes
Photo credits: CIFOR
Agrarian change in tropical forest landscapes
Natural vegetation ‘Secondary’ vegetation Agricultural land
Agrarian change in tropical landscapes
Agricultural modification
Tree
cov
er
Photo credits: CIFOR
Land sharing
Photo credits: CIFOR
Agrarian change in tropical landscapes
Tree
cov
er
Natural vegetation
‘Secondary’ vegetation
Agricultural land
Land sparing
Land sparing & land sharing
Vs.
Food productionBiodiversity conservation
Photo credits: CIFOR
• Many opinions, responses and discussion on the land sharing / land sparing debate (e.g. Green et al. 2005, Fischer et al. 2011, Ziegler et al. 2011, Phalan et al. 2011, 2014, Clough et al. 2011, Ewers 2009, Baudron et al. 2014, Perfecto & Vandermeer 2010 and others)
• Full complexities of multi-functional landscapes not considered by only looking at trade offs between biodiversity conservation and agricultural yields
Land sparing & land sharing: moving forwardAgriculture – Biodiversity Nexus
• Land use strategies aimed at balancing agriculture and biodiversity conservation must also consider socio-economic constraints and trade-offs, as well as trade offs with biodiversity conservation
(Grau et al. 2013, Fischer et al. 2014, Lee et al. 2014)
• More food production does not automatically lead to better food security and better livelihoods for rural communities
?
Photo credits: CIFOR
Addressing the agriculture-biodiversity nexus
Food security
Ecosystem services
Nutrition
Sustainable livelihoods
Access to markets
Poverty alleviation
Wild food & products
Project Aim:Advance our
understanding of agricultural landscapes as socio-ecological systems
?
Photo credits: CIFOR
Food security
Ecosystem services
Nutrition
Sustainable livelihoods
Access to markets
Poverty alleviation
Wild food & products
What effect does agrarian change have on social AND ecological responses in tropical forest landscapes?
Underlying drivers behind land use change?
Community perceptions of land use change?
Project Aim:Advance our
understanding of agricultural landscapes as socio-ecological systems
?
Photo credits: CIFOR
Addressing the agriculture-biodiversity nexus
Study Sites
FOREST (CONTROL) ZONE 1 ZONE 3ZONE 2
Agricultural modification (simplification and intensification of commodities)
Tree
cov
erExperimental Design
A landscape-level approach, with a nested 3-level hierarchical design:
1. A landscape exhibiting changing land use practices and agrarian change
2. Three land use ‘zones’ in each landscape, a gradient of agricultural modification
3. Villages or settlements within each zone
1
2
3
Photo credits: CIFOR
Experimental Design
FOREST (CONTROL) ZONE 1 ZONE 3ZONE 2
Agricultural modification (simplification and intensification of commodities)
Tree
cov
er
Subsistence farming, high dependency on
forest products
A landscape-level approach, with a nested 3-level hierarchical design:
1. A landscape exhibiting changing land use practices and agrarian change
2. Three land use ‘zones’ in each landscape, a gradient of agricultural modification
3. Villages or settlements within each zone
1
2
3
Photo credits: CIFOR
Experimental Design
FOREST (CONTROL) ZONE 1 ZONE 3ZONE 2
Agricultural modification (simplification and intensification of commodities)
Tree
cov
er
E.g. Subsistence farming, high dependency on forest resources
E.g. Rubber agroforestry system
Subsistence farming, high dependency on
forest products Extensive coffee
agroforesty
A landscape-level approach, with a nested 3-level hierarchical design:
1. A landscape exhibiting changing land use practices and agrarian change
2. Three land use ‘zones’ in each landscape, a gradient of agricultural modification
3. Villages or settlements within each zone
1
2
3
A landscape-level approach, with a nested 3-level hierarchical design:
1. A landscape exhibiting changing land use practices and agrarian change
2. Three land use ‘zones’ in each landscape, a gradient of agricultural modification
3. Villages or settlements within each zone
Experimental Design
FOREST (CONTROL) ZONE 1 ZONE 3ZONE 2
Agricultural modification (simplification and intensification of commodities)
Tree
cov
er
E.g. Subsistence farming, high dependency on forest resources
E.g. Rubber agroforestry system E.g. Oil palm
monoculture
Subsistence farming, high dependency on
forest products Extensive coffee
agroforestyIntensive oil palm
monoculture
1
2
3
Field Methods
In each zone the following methods were used:
Household Surveys
Focus Group Discussions
Key Informant Interviews
Farm Productivity
Surveys
BiodiversitySurveys
Yield measurements
Farm inputs (e.g. fertilizer, labour)
Production targets
Resource flow mapping
Wealth ranking
Food / cash calendars
Nutrition assessments
Ecosystem service mapping
Community perceptions
Tree plots
Bird point counts
Invertebrate trapping
MET
HO
DS
BiodiversityRelative povertyNutrition
Food securityEcosystem services Livelihoods
Agricultural production
RESP
ON
SES
Study site: Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Primary forest
Rubber agroforestry
Oil palm plantation
Oil palm concession
Study site: Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Primary forest
Rubber agroforestry
Oil palm plantation
Oil palm concession
Study site: Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Primary forest
Rubber agroforestry
Oil palm plantation
Oil palm concession
Study site: Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Primary forest
Rubber agroforestry
Oil palm plantation
Oil palm concession
Study site: Kapuas Hulu, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Agrarian ChangePrimary forest
Rubber agroforestry
Oil palm plantation
Oil palm concession
Photo credits: Dominic Rowland
Food security
Ecosystem services
Nutrition
Sustainable livelihoods
Access to markets
Poverty alleviation
Wild food & products
• A LOT OF DATA ANALYSIS!
• Provide empirical evidence to examine socio-economic trade offs within land sparing / sharing debate
• Advance our understanding of agricultural landscapes as socio-ecological systems
• There is much more to food security than increasing agricultural production…..
?
Photo credits: CIFOR
Next steps….
AcknowledgementsCo-investigators: Mrigesh Kshtryia (CIFOR)Terry Sunderland (CIFOR)Frédéric Baudron (CIMMYT)
Collaborators, PhD and Masters students:Sarah Gergel & Ian Eddy (University of British Columbia)Unai Pasquel & Ignacio Polomo (BC3)Samson Foli (University of Amsterdam) Abdoulaye Rabdo (CIFOR Burkina Faso)Ronju Ahammad (Charles Darwin University)Dominic Rowland (London School of Tropical Hygiene & Medicine)Rio Leonald (Bogor Agricultural University)Stella Asaha (Pan African Institute for Development)Kondwani Yobe Mumba & Davison Gumbo (CIFOR Zambia)Jean-Yves Duriaux (CIMMYT Ethiopia)
Funding:DfID, UKUSAID
Halimun Salak National Parklandscape, Indonesia
Photo credit: CIFOR
Thank youl.deakin@cigar.org
Photo credit: CIFOR
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