the nervous system sensory systems
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PRINCIPLES OFHUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
THIRD EDITION
Cindy L. Stanfield | William J. Germann
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by W.H. Preston, College of the Sequoias
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
10
Part D
The Nervous System:
Sensory Systems
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy of the Ear
Figure 10.37
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Generation of Sound Waves
Figure 10.38a
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Properties of Sound
Figure 10.38b
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy of Middle Ear
Figure 10.39
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Sound Transduction: Cochlea
Figure 10.40a, c
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Sound Transduction: Cochlea
Figure 10.40e–f
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Functional Anatomy of Cochlea
Figure 10.40e–f
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Inner Hair Cells: Sound Conduction
Figure 10.41
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Hair Cells: Sound Transduction
Figure 10.42a–c
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Sound Frequency Coding
Figure 10.43
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Clinical Defects: Deafness
• Conductive deafness
• Inadequate conduction of sound waves through external and/or middle ear
• Sensorineural deafness
• Inadequate transduction of sound waves to electrical signals in inner ear
• Central deafness
• Damage to the neural pathway for sound
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
V. The Ear and Equilibrium
• Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus
• The semicircular canals and the transduction of rotation
• The utricle and saccule and the transduction of linear acceleration
• Neural pathways for equilibrium
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Anatomy of Vestibular Apparatus
Figure 10.44
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Semicircular Canal Anatomy
Figure 10.45a–b
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Coding for Acceleration
Figure 10.45c–e
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Anatomy: Utricle and Saccule
Figure 10.46a
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Coding for Acceleration
Figure 10.46b–d
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Coding for Head Tilting
Figure 10.46e–f
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Neural Pathways for Equilibrium
Vestibular afferents
Vestibular nuclei(brainstem)
Cerebellum Cortex
Balance &Equilibrium
Perception
Sensory systems
Eye movements
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Taste Buds
• Over 10,000 taste buds
• Tongue
• Roof of mouth
• Pharynx
• Pore exposed to saliva in mouth
• 50–150 taste receptors cells per bud
• Modified epithelial cells
• Respond to tastants
• Support cells
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Taste Receptors
Figure 10.47
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Transduction of Sour and Salty
Figure 10.48a–b
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Transduction of Sweet and Bitter
Figure 10.48c–d
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Neural Coding of Taste
Figure 10.49
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Olfactory Epithelium
Figure 10.50
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Olfactory Receptor Cells
• Only neurons replaced continuously
• Cilia project into mucus
• Have chemoreceptors
• Olfactory binding proteins
• Located in mucus
• Transport odorants to receptors
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Olfactory Signal Transduction
• Air-borne chemical must dissolve in mucus
• Olfactory binding proteins deliver olfactants to receptors
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Olfactory Signal Transduction
• Chemical binds to receptor
• Activates G protein called Golf
• Activates adenylate cyclase cAMP
• cAMP directly binds cation channels, opening them
• Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell depolarization
• Specificity of binding
• Specific olfactory receptor cells for each type of odorant-binding protein
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathway for Olfaction
• Olfactory receptor cells are specialized endings of afferent neurons
• Axon of receptor cells comprises CN I, the olfactory nerve
• Second order neurons = mitral cells
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathway for Olfaction
• Communication between afferent and second-order neuron occurs in glomeruli
• Second-order neurons form olfactory tract
• Relay in olfactory tubercle to cerebral cortex
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Neural Pathway for Olfaction
Figure 10.51
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