Which of the following systems are seen in this image?a. Nervousb. Lymphaticc. Digestived. RespiratoryWhat is in the blood vessels that is key to the brain?
What is in the blood vessels that is key to the brain?
Oxygen!!!
Blood transports oxygen and other nutrients necessary for the health of neurons, so a constant flow of blood to the brain must be maintained.
The brain uses approximately twenty percent of the body's blood and needs twenty-five percent of the body's oxygen supply to function optimally.
Approximately 46 milliliters of oxygen are used by the entire brain in one minute.
During sleep, blood flow to the brain is increased, but the rate of oxygen consumption remains the same.
Neuro-Muscular Junction: What’s its function?
Neuro-Muscular Junction: What’s its function?A NMJ is the synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate, where the signal passes through the neuromuscular junction via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
What is Myelin?
As part of the nervous system, myelin lines nerve fibers to protect and insulate neurons. Myelin aids in the quick and accurate transmission of electrical current carrying data from one nerve cell to the next. When myelin becomes damaged, the process involves numerous health conditions, including multiple sclerosis.
• What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
• What is the cell that does this function in the PNS?
• What is a Node of Ranvier?
• What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS? It makes myelin.
• What is the cell that does this function in the PNS? Schwann cells
• What is a Node of Ranvier? the gaps formed between myelin sheath cells along axons or nerve fibers
Subdivisions of Nervous System
Two major anatomical subdivisions• Central nervous system (CNS)
– brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)– nerve = bundle of axons in connective tissue– ganglion = swelling of cell bodies in a nerve
Fundamental Types of Neurons
• What are the functions of Sensory (afferent) neurons?
• Where are Interneurons found? • What are the functions of interneurons?• There are more interneurons than sensory and motor
neurons. True/False
• What is the function of Motor (efferent) neurons?• What are effectors?
Fundamental Types of Neurons
• Sensory (afferent) neurons– detect changes in body and external environment– information transmitted into brain or spinal cord
• Interneurons (association neurons)
• There are more interneurons than sensory and motor neurons. True/False– lie between sensory and motor pathways in CNS– 90% of our neurons are interneurons– process, store and retrieve information
• Motor (efferent) neuron– send signals out to muscles and gland cells– organs that carry out responses called effectors
Fundamental Types of Neurons
Meninges of the BrainWhat are the functions of the
meninges?
What are the names of the meninges in order from
superficial to deep?
Meninges of the BrainWhat are the functions of the meninges? Their major function is to
protect the CNS.
What are the names of the meninges in order from
superficial to deep? The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
Meninges of the Brain
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
Where is it located in the meninges?
What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it located in the
meninges?
• Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. Essentially, the brain "floats" in it.
• Treatment = drugs and physical therapy– dopamine precursor crosses brain barrier– MAO inhibitor slows neural degeneration– surgical technique to relieve tremors
• Q:Identify the structure (hint: Superior view of skull)
• A:
• Q:Identify the structure (hint: Superior view of skull)
• A: dura mater
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: cerebellum
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A: fourth ventricle
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A: cerebrum
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: right cerebral hemisphere
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: left cerebral hemisphere
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: corpus callosum
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: fornix
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: precentral gyrus
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: postcentral
gyrus
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A: longitudinal fissure
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: frontal lobe
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: parietal lobe
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: occipital lobe
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: temporal lobe
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: insular lobe
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A: lateral ventricles
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A: third ventricle
• Q: Identify the area shaded in pink
• A:
• Q: Identify the area shaded in pink
• A: choroid plexus
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: cerebral aqueduct
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: medulla oblongata
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: medulla oblongata
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: pons
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: pons
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the area highlighted in orange
• A: midbrain
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange (hint: look at the cross-section diagram)
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange (hint: look at the cross-section diagram)
• A: superior colliculi
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: diencephalon
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: thalamus
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: hypothalamus
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: thalamus
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in purple
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in purple
• A: pituitary gland
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in orange
• A: pineal body
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: spinal nerve
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: dorsal root ganglion
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: dorsal root
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: ventral root
• Q: Identify the structure shaded in green
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure shaded in green
• A: dura mater
• Q: Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A: dorsal root ganglion
• Q: Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structures highlighted in yellow
• A: dorsal root ganglion
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: olfactory (CN I)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: optic (CN II)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: optic (CN II)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: oculomotor (CN III)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: oculormotor (CN III)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: trochlear (CN IV)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: trochlear (CN IV)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: trigeminal (CN V)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: trigeminal (CN V)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: abducens (CN VI)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: facial (CN VII)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: facial (CV VII)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the nerve highlighted in yellow
• A: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
•
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: vagus nerve (CN X)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: vagus nerve (CN X)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: accessory (CN XI)
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A:
• Q: Identify the structure highlighted in yellow
• A: accessory (CN XI)
• What is this?
• A: hypoglossal (CN XII)
Concussion
Bruised Brain!
Concussion
Concussion
Exam: checking your memory and concentration, vision, hearing, balance,
coordination and reflexes.
More severe: bleeding or swelling in your skull
CT scan if necessary
A CT scanner takes multiple cross-sectional X-rays and combines all the resulting images to produce detailed,
two-dimensional images of your skull and brain.
The End
• Quick tip on studying for your next coop quiz and Test #3: Answer the questions in the PsTL 1135 Studyguide, review your notes, and then look up the concepts in the textbook after Murray covers them in lecture!!!
• Remember to prepare for the exam on Monday, November 17 in lecture!!