the history of cryptology
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Shanna R. Simpson-Singleton
Professor Kenneth Shiskowski, Ph.D.Mathematics Department
The History of Cryptology
SUMMERIANS OF MESOPOTAMIA
An ancient civilization (approx. 3000 B.C.E – 1800 B.C.E.) that populated Mesopotamia, an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Valley.
They are often referred to as the cradle of civilization.
Credited for the creation of the written language as a form cryptography.
Used the substitution method of cryptography to encrypt cuneiform messages on stone tablets.
Sources: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Photo from:
http://www.livius.org/a/1/mesopotamia/gilgamesh_louvre.JPG
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS A very religious and ritualistic
ancient civilization (3100 B.C.E. – 330 B.C.E,).
Known best for its architecture of temple, monuments, and tombs.
Used the substitution method of cryptology to amuse travelers and created a dramatic affect with ancient religious texts.
Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12)
Photo from: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg
JULIUS CAESARA Roman emperor that is
credited for building the Great Roman Empire.
Used the Caesar cipher, an affine transformation cipher, to secretly communicate with his generals.
Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12)
Photo from: http://www.desitin.dk/images/JuliusCaesar.jpg
BLAISE de VIGENÉREA French diplomat and
cryptographer (1523-1596).The Vigenère cipher is named after
him, although it was later discovered that he may not have created this cipher. (maybe Giovan Battista Bellaso created the cipher).
Later created the autokey cipher. Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re
Photo from: http://www-ivs.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/mzoellner/vigenere.jpg
GILBERT VERNAMAn AT&T Bell Labs engineer
(1890-1960).Credited for creating the
stream cipher and the Vernam cipher for telecommunications. Also co-created the one-time pad cipher with Joseph Mauborgne.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Vernam Photo from:
http://www.aldebaran.cz/bulletin/2005_14/vernam.jpg
Joeseph MauborgneMajor General of the
US Army (1881-1971).Co-created the one-
time pad cipher with Gilbert Vernam.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mauborgne
Photo from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg/180px-Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg
LESTER HILLCreated the Hill
Cipher in 1929.Patented a machine for
his cipher which is pictured on the left of this text.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_cipher
Photo from: http://www.und.nodak.edu/org/crypto/crypto/.hill4.html
Co-published the exponentiation cipher with Martin Hellman.
It is said that the algorithm was first discovered by Roland Silver, but Pohlig and Martin published their independent research first.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlig-Hellman_algorithm
STEPHEN POHLIG
MARTIN HELLMANPrevious Stanford
professor (born 1945).Co-created/published the
exponentiation cipher, the Knapsack cipher, and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange system.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hellman
Photo from: http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/uploads/pics/Martin-Hellman.jpg
Engineer and Mathematician that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (1924-1997).
Co-created what is now known as the public-key cryptosystem with Clifford Cocks and Michael Williamson.
Although these gentlemen created the public-key cryptosystem in addition to many other cryptosystems and key generators first, they were forced to keep the information classified. It was not announced/published until after Ellis died in 1997.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Ellis
JAMES H. ELLIS
CLIFFORD COCKSMathematician and
cryptographer that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (born December 28, 1950).
Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Malcolm Williamson.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Cocks Photo from :
http://www.simonsingh.net/images/610.jpg
MALCOLM WILLIAMSONMathematician that worked
for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency).
Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Clifford Cocks.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Williamson_(cryptographer) Photo from:
http://www.livinginternet.com/g/williamson_malcolm1.JPG
RALPH MERKLEProfessor at Georgia
Tech. University (born February 2, 1952).
Co-creator of the Knapsack cipher along with Martin Hellman.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Merkle
Photo from: http://www.nndb.com/people/410/000028326/ralph-c-merkle.jpg
RONALD RIVESTProfessor at MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (born 1947)
Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rivest
Photo from: http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg
ADI SHAMIRCryptographer and
cryptanalyst (born July 6, 1952).
Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Leonard Adleman.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir Photo from:
http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg
LEONARD ADLEMANProfessor at the University
of Southern California and a theoretical computer scientist (born December 31, 1945).
Co-creator of the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Adi Shamir.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Adleman Photo from:
http://infosecurity.us/images/professor_len_adleman.jpg
MICHAEL RABINProfessor at Harvard
University and Hebrew University (born September 1, 1931).
Creator of the Rabin system and various other cryptosystems.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rabin Photo from: http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/04.26/photos/06-rabin-450.jpg
WHITFIELD DIFFIEChief Security Officer and
Vice President of Sun Microsystems Laboratories(born June 5, 1944).
Co-creator of the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange System along with Martin Hellman.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie Photo from:
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/164/384100611_05768d08a7_o.jpg
JAMES MASSEYRetired professor
(born 1934).Co-created the
Massey-Omura Cryptosystem along with Jim K. Omura.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Massey
Photo from: http://www.win.tue.nl/math/eidma/courses/minicourses/massey/Massey1.jpg
JIM K. OMURATechnology strategist
and security advisor.Co-created the
Massey-Omura Cryptosystem along with James Massey.
Source: http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2005bell.html Photo from: http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/about/awards/bios/2005Bell.jpg
TAHER ELGAMALChief technical officer
and Co-Chair of the Board of Directors at Securify (born August 18, 1955).
Creator of the Elgamal cryptosystem.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taher_Elgamal Photo from: http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/april2006/internet13.jpg
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