the great war: wwi the war years: 1914-1917. lecture 4 a: the western front
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The Great War: WWIThe Great War: WWI
The War Years: The War Years:
1914-19171914-1917
Lecture 4 A: The Western Lecture 4 A: The Western FrontFront
August, 1914August, 1914
Ger use Schlieffen Plan against Fr Rus attacks Ger on Eastern Front
to force Ger to split troops and arms to fight on two fronts.
September, 1914September, 1914
Battle of the Marne Fr force Ger back to the Marne
River Key Allied Victory: Ger knew
that they would not be home by Christmas
Autumn 1914Autumn 1914
The Race to the Sea Ger stopped by Br at Ypres Stabilized western Ger advance Trench Warfare and “No Man’s
Land” : and ineffective defensive strategy for next 2 years.
1916 Stalemate1916 Stalemate
By end of year 2 million DEAD Verdun: 11 month battle Dead: Fr: 300,000 Ger: 330,000 Somme: 1,100,000 casualties Both symbolize the gross
destruction of modern warfare with little to no gain.
Other FrontsOther Fronts
Middle EastMiddle East
1915-19161915-1916
Br v. OE at Gallipoli to capture Dardinelles Straits
Br needed to get to Istanbul Unsuccessful. Br withdrew with
heavy casualties
Other FrontsOther Fronts
Northern Africa and into the Northern Africa and into the Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula
1915-19161915-1916
T.E. Lawrence organized Arab nationalists for guerilla warfare against OE
Very successful in stopping the Berlin to Baghdad RR
Lecture 4 B: Eastern FrontLecture 4 B: Eastern Front
1914-19181914-1918
19141914
Aug 1914: Rus invade E. Prussia at Tannenberg and draw Ger to Eastern Front
Ger victory 2 Rus armies defeated
19151915
AH & Bulgaria defeat Serbia and Central Powers occupy it.
OE starts Armenian Genocide, continues until 1918: 1.5 million die
http://www.ibiscom.com/w1frm.htm
By end of 1915By end of 1915
Central Powers control Eastern Europe from Berlin to Istanbul
19161916
Rus launches massive assault against CP in Ukraine
Capture 500,000 AH troops but lost 1,000,000 Rus troops. Victory???
19171917
Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrow Tsar Nicholas Romanov
Rumors are that Central Powers are financing Lenin to hasten the close of the Eastern Front.
March 3, 1918: Rus-GerMarch 3, 1918: Rus-Ger
Treaty of Brest-LitovskGer will leave Rus alone if Rus
gives… 25-35% of people (Poland) 90% of all coal mines all the oil fields
Eastern Front SecureEastern Front Secure
All Ger troops moved to Western All Ger troops moved to Western Front…Front…
Is it too late???Is it too late???
Lecture 4 C: Naval Warfare: Lecture 4 C: Naval Warfare: 1914-19171914-1917
Ger damages Allied shippingGer damages Allied shipping
19151915 Ger declares water around Br “war
zone” all Br enemy ships will be attacked
Br retaliates by blockading Ger and seizing all goods headed for Ger
Ger declares all ships going to Br as enemy ships
19151915
Ger sinks the Lusitania: 1100 civilians, 128
Americans die
19161916
Ger face severe food shortage because of Br blockade
Ger build more U-boats to run blockades
Br warship perfect the “depth charge” to sink U-boats
19171917
Ger declare Unrestricted submarine warfare on all ships including neutral countries heading for Br or Fr
Activity against US merchant ships increases….
Lecture 4 D: U.S.A. Lecture 4 D: U.S.A. InvolvementInvolvement
From Isolationist to World From Isolationist to World LeaderLeader
19141914
President Woodrow Wilson declares US neutrality
Ger start attacking supply ships going to Br and Fr
US continues to supply all parties in the war, but US citizens are influences by Fr anti-Ger propaganda and Lusitania
March 1917: Zimmerman March 1917: Zimmerman TelegramTelegram
Br intercept telegram from Ger (A. Zimmerman) to Mex
Ger offer to help Mex recover TX, NM, AZ and parts of CA if Mex will join the CP and attack US
http://www.nara.gov/education/teaching/zimmermann/zimmerma.html
April 2, 1917April 2, 1917
Pres. Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Ger
Wilson gives famous “…make the world safe for democracy..” speech (Primary Source reading)
June 1917June 1917
General “Black Jack” Pershing goes to Fr to lead Allied forces
Vows “No Trench Warfare” and “Drive Hard and Fast to Berlin.”
Ger sustain heavy losses.
Jan 1918Jan 1918
Wilson publishes 14 Point Plan for Peace (see Primary Source)
League of Nations suggested as 14th pt.
US rejects it. Wants to go back to being isolationists.
July 18 Second Battle of the July 18 Second Battle of the Marne (Fr)Marne (Fr)
Ger army exhaustedGer army exhausted More than 2 million Amer. Troops More than 2 million Amer. Troops
foughtfought Allied forces began to advance Allied forces began to advance
toward Germanytoward Germany CP alliance crumbles.CP alliance crumbles.
Aug 8, 1918Aug 8, 1918
Allied forces break through Ger lines
Weak Ger army pushed back to Ger
Nov 9, 1918Nov 9, 1918
Ger only remaining Central Powers Ger troops mutiny, Kaiser Wilhem
II abdicates and flees to Netherlands
Ger declares a Republic
November 11, 1918November 11, 1918
THE WAR IS OVERTHE WAR IS OVER
GERMANS SURRENDERGERMANS SURRENDER
Nov 11, 1918Nov 11, 1918
Armistice Day11:00 am Ger sign agreement in
railroad car in Compiegne forest in Fr. Only request is that the peace settlement be based on American Wilson 14 point plan.
(Look at Primary Source)
CostsCosts
In LivesIn Lives
LivesLives
43,000,000 Killed/Wounded43,000,000 Killed/Wounded 10,000,000 Troops killed in battle10,000,000 Troops killed in battle 20,000,000 wounded in battle20,000,000 wounded in battle 13,000,000 civilians die of war-13,000,000 civilians die of war-
related causesrelated causes
Total $ Cost of the WarTotal $ Cost of the War
$350,000,000,000$350,000,000,000
in destruction of propertyin destruction of property
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