the effect of tillage practice and residue management on wheat yield and yield stability in two...
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The effect of tillage practice and residue management on wheat yield and yield stability in two
agro-ecological environments in Mexico
Two cropping systems
Cd. Obregón (39 m):Irrigated wheat-based system
MexicoCity
El Batán (2249 m)Rainfed highland system
Strategic research
● Long-term and component technology trials● Different environments
Contrasts and similarities => process level Keeps thinking flexible Obregon => mimic environments
● Network of excellence● Center of training => on farm trials
El Batán: Characteristics● Non-equatorial semi-arid highlands (2240 masl)● Rain fed agriculture● Periodical drought● Periodical water excess● Wind and water erosion● Grain yield < 2 ton ha-1
El Batán: Characteristics● Soil: Haplic Phaeozem
(Clayic)
El Batán: target environment
Treatments
● Zero tillage● Conventional tillage
after harvest One pass with a chisel plough to 30 cm depth Two passes with a disk harrow to 20 cm depth and two passes
with a spring tooth harrow to 10 cm. The spring tooth harrow was used when needed for weed
control (typically twice) during the winter fallow season. the seed bed preparation
One pass with a chisel plough to 30 cm depth Two passes with a disk harrow to 20 cm depth and one pass
with a spring tooth harrow to 10 cm
Govaerts et al., 2005Govaerts et al., 2005
Govaerts et al., 2005
Govaerts et al., 2005
Zero vs. Conventional
ZT CT
Govaerts et al., 2005Govaerts et al., 2005
Total monthly precipitation (mm) El Batán, México
MonthAverage
1991-20072008 2009
June 106 102 105
July 116 102 39
August 117 153 63
Zero vs. Conventional
ZT CT
Govaerts et al., 2005
El Batán: results
CT: conventional tillage; ZT: zero tillage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Gra
in y
ield
(t/
ha a
t 12
% H
2O)
Year
ZT-Keep ZT-Remove CT-KeepCT-Remove ZT-KeepM1/3W ZT-Keep1/2
El Batán: results
Management practice
Average yield(t ha-1 at 12% H2O)
Coefficient of variation (%)
CT-Keep 5.31 BC 22.3 B
CT-Remove 5.04 C 23.2 B
ZT-Keep 5.96 A 19.0 B
ZT-Remove 3.92 D 35.8 A
ZT-Keep M1/3W 4.93 C 33.8 A
ZT-Keep1/2 5.59 AB 24.7 B
CT: conventional tillage; ZT: zero tillage
El Batán: results
Management practice
Slope Inter-cept
R²
CT-Keep 0.82 1.12 0.85
CT-Remove 0.88 0.52 0.86
ZT-Keep 0.82 1.77 0.80
ZT-Remove 1.06 -1.49 0.86
ZT-Keep M1/3W 1.33 -1.90 0.97
ZT-Keep1/2 1.09 -0.02 0.94
CT: conventional tillage; ZT: zero tillage
Cd. Obregón: Characteristics
● Arid coastal plains (39 masl)● Irrigated agriculture● Irrigation applied in furrows
Cd. Obregón: Characteristics● Soil: Haplic Vertisol
(Calcaric, Chromic)
15 cm
35 cm
80 cm
110 cm
Cd. Obregon: target environment
Treatments
● Permanent beds● Conventional tillage
after harvest of each crop disk harrow to 0.20 m depth (2–3 passes)
the seed bed preparation Remaking the beds => weed control
Cd. Obregón: results
CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB: permanent beds
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Gra
in y
ield
(t/h
a at
12%
H2O
)
YearCTB-Keep PB-Burn PB-Remove PB-Partial PB-Keep
Cd. Obregón: results
Management practice
Average yield(t ha-1 at 12% H2O)
Coefficient of variation (%)
CTB-Keep 7.01 BC 10.69 A
PB-Burn 6.65 C 11.66 A
PB-Remove 7.24 AB 9.53 A
PB-Partial 6.91 BC 10.28 A
PB-Keep 7.42 A 8.65 A
CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB: permanent beds
Cd. Obregón: results
Management practice
Slope Inter-cept
R²
CTB-Keep 1.07 -0.52 0.95
PB-Burn 1.09 -0.98 0.91
PB-Remove 0.96 0.42 0.96
PB-Partial 1.00 -0.11 0.93
PB-Keep 0.85 1.44 0.91
CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB: permanent beds
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
Trea
tmen
t yie
ld (M
g/ha
at 1
2% H
2O)
Year mean yield (Mg/ha at 12% H2O)
CTB-Keep PB-BurnPB-Remove PB-PartialPB-Keep Linear (CTB-Keep)Linear (PB-Burn) Linear (PB-Remove)Linear (PB-Partial) Linear (PB-Keep)
Conclusion
● CA highest yielding in both environments● Differences in stability were only found in rain
fed, more adverse conditions● Straw fully removed or burned combined with ZT
is not sustainable● More research is needed to design optimal
systems with partial residue retention
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