the beautiful earth! (5.2, g.3, g.4)
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THE BEAUTIFUL EARTH!THE BEAUTIFUL EARTH!(5.2, G.3, G.4)(5.2, G.3, G.4)By: Monica GapudBy: Monica Gapud
5.2 The Greenhouse Effect5.2 The Greenhouse Effect Carbon is constantly recycledCarbon is constantly recycled
• PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• Combustion of forestsCombustion of forests• Cellular respCellular resp• Fossil fuelsFossil fuels
The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle
The Enhanced Greenhouse The Enhanced Greenhouse EffectEffect
1.1. Sunlight enters atmosphere Sunlight enters atmosphere b/c gases are transparent to b/c gases are transparent to lightlight
2.2. Sunlight reflects off Earth’s Sunlight reflects off Earth’s surface & back outsurface & back out
3.3. Some of light energy Some of light energy heat heat energy & warms the Earthenergy & warms the Earth
4.4. Greenhouse gases retain Greenhouse gases retain some heat & trap it in the some heat & trap it in the atmosphereatmosphere
5.5. Earth’s natural g. house Earth’s natural g. house effect = atmosphere is effect = atmosphere is warmer than spacewarmer than space
What are the greenhouse What are the greenhouse gasses?gasses?
CarbonCarbon MethaneMethane
• Cattle ranching, waste disposal in landfills, Cattle ranching, waste disposal in landfills, production & distrib. of natural gasproduction & distrib. of natural gas
Oxides of nitrogenOxides of nitrogen• Produced by human activities; burning fossil Produced by human activities; burning fossil
fuels, organic/commercial fertilizers, industrial fuels, organic/commercial fertilizers, industrial processes (prod. of nitric acid)processes (prod. of nitric acid)
Low concentration = prevents too much Low concentration = prevents too much heat retentionheat retention
Effects of Global Effects of Global Warming…?Warming…?
Increase in Increase in photosynthetic ratesphotosynthetic rates
Changes in climates, Changes in climates, ecosystemsecosystems
Extinction of certain Extinction of certain speciesspecies
Melting glaciersMelting glaciers Rise in sea level= Rise in sea level=
flooding of coastal flooding of coastal areasareas
The Precautionary PrincipleThe Precautionary Principle An ethical theory which An ethical theory which
says that action should says that action should be taken to prevent be taken to prevent harm even if there’s harm even if there’s not sufficient data to not sufficient data to prove that the activity prove that the activity will have severe will have severe negative consequencesnegative consequences
Draw the Carbon Cycle !Draw the Carbon Cycle !
G.3 Impact of Humans of G.3 Impact of Humans of EcosystemsEcosystems
Biological diversity;Biological diversity;• Richness - # of diff organisms in a Richness - # of diff organisms in a
part. areapart. area• Evenness – how the quantity of Evenness – how the quantity of
each diff. organism compares with each diff. organism compares with the otherthe other
Simpson diversity index – Simpson diversity index – measures the amount of measures the amount of diversity in a part. areadiversity in a part. area • D = diversity indexD = diversity index• N = total # of org. in eco.N = total # of org. in eco.• n = # of individ. of each n = # of individ. of each
speciesspecies
Remember the equation?
Time to Calculate !Time to Calculate ! Did the forest of Did the forest of
jungle have more jungle have more diversity?diversity?• Forest: D=4.29Forest: D=4.29• Jungle: D=6.14Jungle: D=6.14
THE JUNGLE HAS THE JUNGLE HAS MORE DIVERSITY MORE DIVERSITY because of its higher because of its higher # of species# of species
Why Conserve Biodiversity?Why Conserve Biodiversity? EconomicEconomic EcologicalEcological EthicalEthical AestheticAesthetic
Arguments Against Arguments Against ConservationConservation
Alien species disrupts Alien species disrupts communities and out-communities and out-compete native compete native species reducing species reducing biodiversity.biodiversity.
Examples?Examples?• KudzuKudzu• Zebra MusselsZebra Mussels• Prickly Pear Prickly Pear
Impact of Alien SpeciesImpact of Alien Species Interspecific competition: out-Interspecific competition: out-
competing other speciescompeting other species Predation: eating another speciesPredation: eating another species Species extinction: out-compete Species extinction: out-compete
extinction of native speciesextinction of native species
Biological control- idea of using a Biological control- idea of using a natural predator to control unwanted or natural predator to control unwanted or invasive speciesinvasive species• Purple loosestrifePurple loosestrife• Red fire antsRed fire ants
Biomagnification- process by which Biomagnification- process by which chemical substances become more chemical substances become more concetrated at each trophic levelconcetrated at each trophic level• DDTDDT
Effects of UV RaysEffects of UV Rays Non-lethal skin cancerNon-lethal skin cancer Lethal skin cancerLethal skin cancer Mutation of DNAMutation of DNA SunburnSunburn CataractsCataracts Reduced biological Reduced biological
productivityproductivity
Ozone layerOzone layer• ““protective sunscreen for planet”protective sunscreen for planet”• Absorbs UV radiationAbsorbs UV radiation• Formed in stratosphere when O2 breaks Formed in stratosphere when O2 breaks
apart & reacts with another oxygen mol. to apart & reacts with another oxygen mol. to form ozoneform ozone
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)• Thinning of ozone layerThinning of ozone layer
G.4 Conservation of G.4 Conservation of BiodiversityBiodiversity
Indicator species- sensitive to enviro. Indicator species- sensitive to enviro. changechange• Lichens; sensitive to pollutionLichens; sensitive to pollution• Macroinvertabrates; presence or absence can Macroinvertabrates; presence or absence can
be used to judge water qualitybe used to judge water quality Biotic indexBiotic index
Nature ReservesNature Reserves• Determinations of sizeDeterminations of size• Edge effectEdge effect• CorridorsCorridors
Management of Conserv. AreasManagement of Conserv. Areas• RestorationRestoration• Recovery of threatened speciesRecovery of threatened species• Removal of introduced speciesRemoval of introduced species• Legal protection against development or Legal protection against development or
pollutionpollution• Funding & prioritizingFunding & prioritizing
In Situ Conservation In Situ Conservation MethodsMethods
Placing endangered species in the Placing endangered species in the situation where they belongsituation where they belong
Goals?Goals?• Protect species by maintaining habitatProtect species by maintaining habitat• Defends target species from predatorsDefends target species from predators• Removes invasive speciesRemoves invasive species• Large area= maintain large pop.Large area= maintain large pop.• Large pop= maintain genetic diversityLarge pop= maintain genetic diversity
Ex Situ Conservation Ex Situ Conservation MethodMethod
Last resortLast resort Captive breedingCaptive breeding
• Increase reprod. output to ensure survival of Increase reprod. output to ensure survival of offspringoffspring
Artificial inseminationArtificial insemination Embryo transferEmbryo transfer CryogenicsCryogenics Human raised youngHuman raised young Keeping a pedigreeKeeping a pedigree
• HOWEVER, spread of disease & disadv. in wildHOWEVER, spread of disease & disadv. in wild Botanical gardensBotanical gardens Seed banksSeed banks
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