technology enables us to explore our earth the land and the oceans
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Using Technology
GPS
Remote Sensing
GIS
ElectromagneticSpectrum
Reflectance Curves
Reflectance Curves
Ground Truthing
Buoys
Buoys are used to help monitor large bodies of water on the Earth. They are often computerized and transmit data about ocean temperatures, wind patterns , currents and air temperature.
Reflectance CurvesThis is simple a “GRAPH” that shows how a type of matter reflects visible, infrared (heat) or other wavelenghts of light.
An upward curve indicates a lot of light is reflected. A downward curve show that the wavelength is absorbed.
Spectral AnalysisThe study of the reflectance of objects or substances
on Earth using Satellite Imagery
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Using Satellites Helps In Monitoring the Earth
• Differences in soil types
• Algae – floating on top of water
• Distribution of plants (vegetation)
• Urban sprawl (growth of cities)
• Changes in deserts, forests and other large areas on the Earth
A GPS uses satellites to pinpoint locations on Earth. A GPS unit on Earth communicates with three or
more satellites then calculates the latitude, longitude and elevation of the GPS and transmits
the that position back to the unit.
SONARAcronym for: Sound
Navigation and RangingSonar is a method of
determining the depth of the ocean using echoes. It is also used to find “fish”.
Remote Sensing
• A method of seeing what is beneath or on the surface of the ground and ocean
• It enables us to collect information about an area without visiting the area.
• Satellite photographs are a type of Remote Sensing
Technology helps us to explore our Hydrosphere and the land on Earth“Remote Sensing”
Data can help scientists
understand: • About Food Webs
• How nutrients are distributed
• How sediments spread in water
• Help scientist observe and predict climate changes
• Predict or monitor “EL Nino”– See patterns of changes in surface
currents and temperatures
Ground TruthingA method of verifying the truth of a satellite images
This is done by visiting the area in person
Ground Truthing – involves scientists visiting an area and looking at maps that have been prepared by satellites
and be able to confirm that their maps match what was seen in the photograph and that actual terrain of the area.
Geographic – COACH – page 164
Information System
GIS- Mapmaking software - Layers
• Maps the location of a watershed• Show measures of controlling
water quality• Water temperature• pH and dissolved oxygen
• Identify pollutants that are near the area
Using Technology
GPS
Remote Sensing
GIS
ElectromagneticSpectrum
Topographic Map
Ground Truthing
Studying an area without
visiting the area in person
Software that
shows layers of maps
Topographic MapsThe study of Earth’s natural and artifical
features by surveying and mapping the land
What is a Topographic Map?
In contrast to most maps, a topographic map shows the shape of the Earth’s
surface by using contour lines.
Topographic maps are used to
show elevation.
Contour lines are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation above or below sea level. They never intersect or
meet.
100m
200m
300m
Now what’s our elevation?
50m
150m
250m
350m
If you said somewhere
between 200m and 250m you are
right!
100m
200m
300m
What’s our elevation now?
50m
150m
250m
350m
If you said 50m or just under, you’re
right!
If we were standing on the peak, what would be our
elevation?•More than 350 meters,
less than 400 meters
• Contour lines are lines that connect points that are of the same elevation.
• They show the exact elevation, the shape of the land, and the steepness of the land’s slope.
• Contour lines never touch or cross.
What is a contour interval?
• A contour interval is the difference in elevation between two contour lines that are side by side.
• Remember that a contour interval is not the distance between the two lines – to get the distance you need to use the map scale.
What if my contour lines are close together?
• If the contour lines are close together, then that indicates that area has a steep slope.
What if my contour lines are far apart?
• If the contour lines are far apart, then that indicates the land has a gentle slope (low slope).
What do the dark colored contour lines mean?
The dark colored contour lines represent every fifth contour line to make it easier to read the map.
•3. (A) is probably close to the 750 meter line, (B) is above 1300 meters. The difference between the two would probably be 650 to 700 meters.
5. If you walked a straight line from (D) to (C) would you walk over a
ridge or down a valley?
400m 800m
1000m
1200m
A
B
C
D
E
F
600m
•4. No: It must be more than 700 meters and less than 800 meters.
•5. Down a valley: If the contour lines point up the slope it’s a valley, if they point down the slope it’s a ridge.
6.Just looking at the map, would it be easier to head down from the peak going East, or going North?
400m 800m
1000m
1200m
A
B
C
D
E
F
600m
E
N
S
W
•6. East: When contour lines are close together that means there is a steep slope, the further apart the lines, the more gentile the slope and therefore an easier walk! Go east!
Using Technology
GPS
Remote Sensing
GIS
ElectromagneticSpectrum
Reflectance Curves
Reflectance Curves
Ground Truthing
Buoys
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