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TEA
M D
TU
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House Using Solar Systems for Both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Master thesis presentation – September 11th
Luca Gennari – s121590
s121584 – Thibault Péan
Supervisors: Bjarne W. Olesen – Ongun B. Kazanci – Peter Weitzmann – Jørn Toftum
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House Using Solar Systems for Both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling 3
Agenda
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Solar Decathlon Europe 2014
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
4
1. Architecture 120 pts
2. Engineering and Construction 80 pts
3. Electrical Energy Balance 120 pts
4. Energy Efficiency 80 pts
5. Comfort Conditions 120 pts
6. House Functioning 120 pts
7. Communication and Social Awareness
80 pts
8. Urban Design, Transportation and Affordability (UDTA)
120 pts
9. Innovation 80 pts
10. Sustainability 80 pts
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Solar Decathlon Europe 2014
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
5
1. Architecture 120 pts
2. Engineering and Construction 80 pts
3. Electrical Energy Balance 120 pts
4. Energy Efficiency 80 pts
5. Comfort Conditions 120 pts
6. House Functioning 120 pts
7. Communication and Social Awareness
80 pts
8. Urban Design, Transportation and Affordability (UDTA)
120 pts
9. Innovation 80 pts
10. Sustainability 80 pts
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Solar Decathlon Europe 2014
Indoor temperature range: Tav-1 < Tindoor < Tav+1 + Humidity, CO2, VOCs and formaldehyde criteria
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
6
1. Architecture
2. Engineering and Construction
3. Electrical Energy Balance
4. Energy Efficiency
5. Comfort Conditions
6. House Functioning
7. Communication and Social Awareness
8. Urban Design, Transportation and Affordability (UDTA)
9. Innovation 10. Sustainability
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
SDE2014 – EMBRACE
Solar Decathlon Europe 2014 Cité du Soleil - Versailles
EMBRACE Team DTU
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
7
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Envelope
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
8
•Integration on rooftops to densify cities • Small dwelling •Thermal envelope: 4 modules • Sheltered garden acting as a buffer zone
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Envelope
9
•Integration on rooftops to densify cities • Small dwelling •Thermal envelope: 4 modules • Sheltered garden acting as a buffer zone
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Envelope
10
•Integration on rooftops to densify cities • Small dwelling •Thermal envelope: 4 modules • Sheltered garden acting as a buffer zone
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Envelope
11
59m2
•Integration on rooftops to densify cities • Small dwelling •Thermal envelope: 4 modules • Sheltered garden acting as a buffer zone
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Envelope
12
• Integration on rooftops to densify cities • Small dwelling •Thermal envelope: 4 modules • Sheltered garden acting as a buffer zone
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
13
Construction U-value
(W/m2K)
External wall 0,08
Roof 0,085
External floor 0,1
Internal walls 0,38
Internal floor 0,25
Glazing 1st type U-window 0,83
Glazing 2nd type U-window 0,79
Envelope
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
HVAC overview – heating and cooling sources
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
14
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Realized system: DHW/Ventilation
15
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Realized system: sources
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
16
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Realized system: storage/delivery
17
4-way valve
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Realized system: emission/regulation
18
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Sizing process
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
19
IDA-ICE Load Calculations
Radiant floor sizing EN 1264/HEAT2
Dimensioning room
HEATING
Dimensioning room
COOLING
36 W/m2 41 W/m2
1600 W 1500 W
Demand distribution over the season
SCOP 3,8 EER 4,4
Supply water temperature
Daikin simulation
tool
Copenhagen Paris
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Sizing process
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
20
IDA-ICE Load Calculations
Radiant floor sizing EN 1264/HEAT2
Dimensioning room
HEATING
Dimensioning room
COOLING
36 W/m2 41 W/m2
1600 W 1500 W
Demand distribution over the season
SCOP 3,8 EER 4,4
Supply water temperature
Daikin simulation
tool
Heat pump
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Heat pump
21
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Heat pump
22
Heating demand =1,6 kW Cooling demand = 1,5 kW
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
1ST
preferred
2ND
realized
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Heat pump
23
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Sizing process
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
24
IDA-ICE Load Calculations
Radiant floor sizing EN 1264/HEAT2
Dimensioning room
HEATING
Dimensioning room
COOLING
36 W/m2 41 W/m2
1600 W 1500 W
Demand distribution over the season
SCOP 3,8 EER 4,4
Supply water temperature
Daikin simulation
tool
Radiant floor
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Radiant floor – EN 1264 – Type B
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
He
at
flu
x q
(W
/m2)
ΔϑH = |Troom-Taverage water| (°C)
Heating, tilesHeating, wood 7 mmHeating, wood 15 mm
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ΔϑH = |Troom-Taverage water| (°C)
Cooling, tilesCooling, wood 7 mmCooling, wood 15 mm
Single power equation – Characteristic curves
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ΔϑH = |Troom-Taverage water| (°C)
Cooling, tilesCooling, wood 7 mmCooling, wood 15 mm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
He
at
flu
x q
(W
/m2)
ΔϑH = |Troom-Taverage water| (°C)
Heating, tilesHeating, wood 7 mmHeating, wood 15 mm
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Radiant floor – EN 1264
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
26
Choice of the floor covering
Tiles: λ = 1,5 W/mK
Chipboard: λ = 0,15 W/mK
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ΔϑH = |Troom-Taverage water| (°C)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
He
at
flu
x q
(W
/m2)
ΔϑH = |Troom-Taverage water| (°C)
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Radiant floor – EN 1264
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
27
Determination of the water supply temperature
Supply 28,5°C Room 20°C
Supply 15,6°C Room 26°C
Surface temperature in the range 20-24°C, no condensation problem
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Comparison standard – HEAT2
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
28
q (W/m2) Δϑ heating = 7,9°C Δϑ cooling = 8,6°C
EN 1264 50,1 39,5
HEAT2 46 39,9
8% 1%
Case of the tiles as floor covering
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Results – Yearly Electricity consumption
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
29
IDA-ICE Simulation
Paris 32 kWh/m²/year
(net area)
Copenhagen 38 kWh/m²/year
(net area)
SCOP; EER
13 kWh/m² for
appliances
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Results – Energy consumption: cooling mode
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
30
Simulation
Competition
23%
10%
10%
7%
50%
19%
23%
7% 7%
44%
Copenhagen (%)
22%
11%
7%
14%
44%
Paris (%)
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Results – Energy production
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
30-6 1-7 2-7 3-7 4-7 5-7 6-7 7-7 8-7 9-7 10-7 11-7
En
erg
y (
kW
h)
Production Consumption
=> Plus-energy house
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
32
Operative Temperature
Range
Competition range (±1°C)
based on EN15251
Lower limit not
considered
Percentage of time outside the range
27 % 2 %
Results – Comfort Conditions
Relative Humidity
CO2 level
Range 40% < RH < 55% < 800 ppm
Percentage of time outside the range
6% 11 %
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Competition rankings
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
33
Sub contest Points earned by Team
DTU
Ranking of Team
DTU
Electrical Energy Balance 79,22 / 120 #7
Energy Efficiency 71,84 / 80 #9
Comfort Conditions 99,23 / 120 #8
TOTAL 780,01 / 1000 #8
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Nighttime radiative cooling
Unglazed collector vs. photovoltaic thermal (PVT)
Outputs: cooling power (W/m2), energy (kWh), COP (-)
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
34
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Heat losses
35
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Longwave thermal radiation
𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 , 𝜀 = 1
36
Stefan-Boltzmann law
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑞 = 𝜎 ∙ 𝜀 ∙ 𝑇4
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Longwave thermal radiation
𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 , 𝜀 = 1
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 , 𝜀𝑠𝑘𝑦
37
Stefan-Boltzmann law
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟 𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑞 = 𝜎 ∙ 𝜀 ∙ 𝑇4
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Longwave thermal radiation
45°
𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 , 𝜀 = 1
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 , 𝜀𝑠𝑘𝑦
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑 , 𝜀 = 1
38
Stefan-Boltzmann law
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟 𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑞 = 𝜎 ∙ 𝜀 ∙ 𝑇4
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Longwave thermal radiation
45°
𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦 , 𝜀 = 1
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 , 𝜀𝑠𝑘𝑦
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑 , 𝜀 = 1
39
Stefan-Boltzmann law
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟 𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟
𝑇𝑟 , 𝜀 𝑟
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑞 = 𝜎 ∙ 𝜀 ∙ 𝑇4
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Longwave thermal radiation
40
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Theory – Longwave thermal radiation
41
Relative Humidity
Air temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Cloud amount
Cloud height
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Cooling powers
Theory Heat flux sensors
VFS - Water
Plane radiant & surface temperatures
Weather data
Supply flow and temperature
Returns flows and temperatures
42
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
19:00 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00
Unglazed collector
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Experiment results
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
19:00 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00
Co
oli
ng
po
we
r
(W/
m2)
43
PVT
August 20th – Clear sky
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Experiment results
0
20
40
60
80
12/08 13/08 14/08 16/08 17/08 18/08 19/08 20/08 21/08 22/08 23/08 24/08 25/08
Co
oli
ng
po
we
r (W
/m
2)
PVT Unglazed
44
19:00 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00
Unglazed collector
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
19:00 21:00 23:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00
Co
oli
ng
po
we
r
(W/
m2)
PVT
August 20th – Clear sky
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Experiment results: Radiation vs. Convection
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00
Co
oli
ng
po
we
r (W
/m2)
Time
August 20th – Clear sky
Convection
Radiation
Total
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Experiment results: Radiation vs. Convection
46
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00
Co
oli
ng
po
we
r (W
/m2)
Time
August 20th – Clear sky
Convection – Simplified
Radiation
Total – Simplified
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Experiment results
PVT Unglazed collector
Cooling power (average per night) 28 to 74 W/m2 20 to 72 W/m2
Cooling power (literature) 60 to 65 W/m2 ~50 W/m2
Cooling COP 19 to 58
Heating power (average Aug 28th) 247 W/m2 241 W/m2
Heating energy (Aug 28th) 9,25 kWh 5,74 kWh
47
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
TRNSYS: flow rate selection
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
48
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:01
Te
mp
era
ture
(°C
)
Time (h)
Flow 0,1 l/min.m2
Flow 0,3 l/min.m2
Flow 0,6 l/min.m2
Flow 1,7 l/min.m2
Supply temperature
Inlet temperature fixed at 22°C
Flow rate (l/min.m2) 0,1 0,3 0,6 1,7
Cooling power per average night (W/m2) 30 53 63 72
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
TRNSYS vs. Experiment
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
49
67,3 69,7 68,1
83,0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Heat Flux sensors Theory VFS TRNSYS
Av
era
ge
co
oli
ng
po
we
r (W
/m
2)
Comparison for August 13th
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Discussion
50
EMBRACE • Reliability of simulations supported by Standards-Experiment • Time issues/ difficult central control changes • Competition rules • High consumption per m2
consumption per person
Nighttime radiative cooling • Inaccuracies in the measurements (VFS, rain) • Limited potential in Denmark
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Conclusion
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
51
EMBRACE • EMBRACE ranking: #8 • Good performance in Comfort Conditions, Energy Efficiency
and Electrical Energy Balance
Nighttime radiative cooling • High savings potential in cooling (high COP) • Economical potential (PVT, unglazed)
o Possibility of utilizing existing solar installations o Residential use in Southern climates o Public buildings use in Denmark
Conditioning of a Plus-energy House using Solar Systems for both Production of Heating and Nighttime Radiative Cooling
Future research
Introduction
I. SDE2014 – EMBRACE
II. HVAC
III. Radiant floor
IV. Performance
V. Nighttime
radiative cooling
Discussion
Conclusion
52
• Sheltered garden • Potential of nighttime radiative cooling in different climates • Coupling with PCM • Coupling with heat pump condenser
THANKS FOR THE GREAT EXPERIENCE!
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