teaching vocabulary to support reading comprehension
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TEACHING VOCABULARY
TO SU
PPORT
READING
COMPREH
ENSION
C A M D E N V I LL E P
S
HOW MANY WORDS DO PEOPLE KNOW?Best estimate is that there are 88700 word families used in
books up to 12 grade (US). Nagy and Anderson 1984Lowest estimate of number of words a student knows- 17000Research suggests we can directly teach 300-500 word per
year (8-10 words per week)If we accept Nagy and Anderson’s estimate, and that children
learn half of them, this suggests that the average child learns about 3000 new words per year- we cannot teach 3000 words directly.
Most of these words must come from context
WILL CONTEXTUAL LEARNING BE ENOUGH?If we expect children to learn 3000 words per year- this is a
monumental task requiring the learning of about 8 words per day.
Nagy et al- argue that much of this learning can come from incidental learning of word meanings:
5th grade student read for an hour per day- at a rate of 150 words per min- 5 days a week= 2,250,000 words
If 2% to 5% of those words are unknown, (as in instructional level text; ) the child will have encountered from 45000 to 112,500 unknown words
Research shows children will learn between 5% and 10% of previously unknown words from a single reading
This would account for at least 2,250 new words learned from context each year.
MATTHEW EFFECTS This suggests one of the most powerful influence on vocabulary
growth is to encourage students to read as widely as possibleGood readers are better able to derive word meanings from context
than poorer readers- myth!!!!words are learned through chance encounters in the text. Words are accumulated over time through exposure and gradual learning.
Studies have found that higher ability students were not any better than lower ability students at incidental word learning
Therefore if that is so… the difference in vocab growth might be due to differences in the amount that children read
MATTHEW EFFECTS
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer
WHAT SHOULD WE DO?Increase amount of readingTeach word meanings- at least 300 words per year
direct teaching of word meaningsdiscussions about prefixes, suffixes and rootswide reading- especially reading that challenges children’s abilitiesread to children -even older children
DEFINITIONSUsing the dictionary to find definitions ?????
children cannot use conventional definitions to learn words example: erode- ‘to eat out’
To ‘know’ a word- we know more than the word’s definition; we also know that word functions in different contexts. E.g smoke- the verb- He smoked a cigaretteThe psychologist smoked his pipethe hippie smoked a marijuana cigarettethe 13 year old smoked his first cigarette
The fisherman smoked the fish
Multiple meanings
Full and flexible knowledge- involves an understanding of the core meaning of a word and how it changes in different contexts.
TOPIC VOCAB DEFINITION MATCHminer Somebody who works in a mine digging for materials
such as goldprospector Somebody who explores in search of materials like gold
stockade A tall fence of wooden posts in the ground to keep out enemies
trooper Soldier or policeman who rides horsesrebellion To oppose authority by fightingriot A time when a group of angry people become noisy,
uncontrolled and often act violentlylicence A printed document giving permissiongold fields An area where gold is foundsettlement A place where people settle injustice Lack of fairness or justiceconfrontation Face up to in defiancediggings A mine or gold field
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
injustice A lack of fairness
rebellion To oppose authority by fighting
Developing definitions and understanding meaning
Google images instead of web
BEFORE READING ANTICIPATION/REACTION GUIDE WHAT DID GOLD DO FOR AUSTRALIA?WRITE A IF YOU AGREE WITH THE STATEMENTWRITE B IF YOU DISAGREE WITH THE STATEMENTResponse
before lesson
Topic: Gold Response after lesson
The discovery of gold changed the whole future of Australia.
The population of Australia stayed the same during the gold rush.
People left Australia after the gold rush
Banks did not have any money to lend.
Because of the gold rush more houses were built and cities became bigger.
CUED LISTENING TO PREPARE FOR WRITINGText – Life on the goldfields (Workbook 7- RIC Publication)
8 cue cards (the people, transport, food, clothing, health, law and order, shelter, education)
Students listen for their information and draw diagrams to help them remember
Students share their information and reformulate the text together.
Teacher focus on developing effective simple sentence structures- descriptive phrases, noun and verb groups
How did the early diggers travel to the goldfields and why?
What was the health of the miners like and why?
Cue card examples
Food- What kind of food was common and in what condition?
Health- What was the health of the miners like and why?
VISUAL CUES FOR REMEMBERING
PRE READING PREPARATION- (ADJUSTMENTS)
Identify for the students- key concepts and vocabulary of the text- an explicit text orientation
Word definitions-pre teachTeach the text using graphic organisersProvide synonyms and antonyms for
difficult ideasDecoding- pre teach how to decode
unfamiliar multi-syllabic words (phonological processing- syllabification) (dictionary.com)Cut out the guess work- free up
the mind for remembering
ORIENTATION TO TEXTVisual literacy What information can you get without even reading?
Pre-teach key vocabulary
Take them through the text step by step
STRATEGIESTEACHING SYNONYMSTEACHING ANTONYMSREWRITING DEFINITIONSPROVIDING EXAMPLESPROVIDING NON- EXAMPLESDISCUSSION THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NEW WORD AND RELATED
WORDSe.g debris defined as trash or waste – include a discussion of the differences between debris and trash- or garbage,
HAVING STUDENTS CREATE SENTENCES CONTAINING THE TARGET WORDDISCUSS THE MEANING OF THE SAME WORD IN DIFFERENT SENTENCES CREATING A SCENARIOSILLY QUESTIONS
DISCUSSION WEBS-
THE PROBABLE PASSAGES STRATEGY (FROM FOR THE LOVE OF WORDS)
Title: The promise of gold Vocabulary terms and phrases:Bark huts, tent city, chopsticks, riot, goldmine,
killed, police, stolenMake a prediction from the vocabulary
SettingCharactersProblemsEventsEnding
The Goldfields and Aboriginal People
The Aboriginal people had been living in harmony with the land for many years without causing a great deal of change to the natural environment. They made all their tools out of stone, bone, shell and wood and therefore placed no value on gold.
The impact of European settlement had a major effect on the native people of this continent. The new settlers took their land, ate their food, depleted their supplies, introduced illness and forced their ways on the Aboriginal people. The land was sacred to the Aboriginal people. The diggers did not care; they dug it up in their search for wealth and left the area in a mess. The native way of life would never again be the same. The European people settled in Australia with a total disregard for the people who already inhabited the area.
Victoria's European Population
Victoria's Aboriginal Population
1836 226 11,5001857 400,000 1,700
1861 540,000 2,300
PRE TEACH TEXT VOCABULARY
harmony balance
environment the circumstances or conditions that surround one; our surroundings
natural present in or produced by nature
depleted use up or empty out (to decrease the fullness of)
disregard to treat without proper respect or attentiveness
PRE TEACH HOW TO WORK OUT THE WORDS SYLLABIFICATION
(DICTIONARY.COM) har mo ny
en vi ron ment
poi son ous
de plet ed
dis re gard
in hab it
VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT DOMINOES(AN ADJUSTMENT)harmony The Aboriginal people had
been living in harmony with the land for many years without causing a great deal of change to the natural environment.
environment The Aboriginal people had been living in harmony with the land for many years without causing a great deal of change to the natural environment.
VOCABULARY CLOZE MATCH DOMINOES
harmony The Aboriginal people had been living in harmony with the land for many years without causing a great deal of change to the natural__________.
environment The Aboriginal people had been living in __________ with the land for many years without causing a great deal of change to the natural environment.
ANTONYMS
harmony
imbalance
depleted increased
disregard notice
VOCABULARY CLINE- VISUALS
Unrest
Protest
Confrontation
Riot
Rebellion
USE PICTURES AND BOOKS- DEVELOP VOCABULARY
NounsDog, crow, lake, water, bush, scrub, landscape, trees, gums, blind eye, wings, strange creature reflection,
VerbsShine, shiver, sighing, stare, look, discussed, snuffle, creep, hide,
AdjectivesSad crow, brave dog, wise dog
Crow wakes with a rush of grief
USE PICTURES AND BOOKS TO DEVELOP VOCABULARY
What’s happening in this picture?
What’s are the characters feeling? Why do you think that?
Crow wakes with a rush of grief
What does a ‘rush of grief’ look like to you- what do you think the author means?
* describe the characteristics, feelings, appearance of 2 characters in a text- find similarities and differences
USE PICTURES AND BOOKS TO DEVELOP VOCABULARY
CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS
* use a wide range of descriptive vocabulary to describe a literary character
PROVERBS AND SAYINGS
Proverbs and sayings are old and common phrases which are often repeated based upon experience and truth. Proverbs are used to remember complex ideas quickly and easily. The above link contains some of the most common proverbs and sayings, but it's not an exhaustive list
http://www.readingresource.net/vocabularyactivities.html
INTERESTING WORDS CHARTWord Page Any help
given?Your explanation
Dictionary (if needed)
luxuriant
5 No Plentiful, strong growth
canopy 6 Yes Like a roof
Covering highest part of the forest
species 8 Yes Types of trees
Kinds of animals and plants that are similar
pollinate
25 No Eat? Carry pollen for fertilisation
DEVELOPING TOPIC VOCABULARYTeaching vocabulary & concepts- Preparation for learning:
Vocabulary picture match (floor storm) using books and pictures to match with words- students need to justify choices
Long sticky tongue
predator bulging eyes
camouflage
habitat
webbed Suction pads
croakcroak
lunge preycling leaplimbsUnder belly
CATEGORISING AND SORTING WORDS
Long sticky tongue
predator
bulging eyes
camouflage
habitat swim
suction pads
snout
croak
lunge
prey
cling
leap
limbs
mosquito
insect
underbelly
webbed
wet and moist
WORDS WORTH CHARTVocabulary activities can help children when they are reading and when they are writing! Enlarge the Words Worth chart in your handout and laminate. Display in a prominent area of the classroom. When children come across new interseting words in print, place in the "dollar" column. Work backwards and help them generate words that mean about the same, but might be not as interesting as the "dollar" word. (The ”10 cents" and ”50 cents" words help children make connections between the synonyms and help them remember the meaning of the "dollar" words). This is also a helpful vocabulary activity when children are writing, place one of their words in the ”10 cents" column and add more interesting words to the ”50 cents" and "dollar" column.
WORM WORDSWorn WordsEnlarge this template and use with "Words Worth Chart" (above). Once the Words Worth Chart is full, take off the "penny" and "dime" words and place them in the trash! Once words are in the trash, students are encouraged to use the "dollar" words when they are speaking and writing
ANTONYM CONCENTRATION
Laminate and cut out the antonym cards in the handout. Have students work in small groups to find word matches. Three different antonym levels are provided on the template.
"COLORFUL WORDS" WALL
VOCABULARY ACTIVITIES: CLASSROOMS THAT SUPPORT WORD LEARNING"Colorful Words" Wall Teaching vocabulary is important. We have space for furniture and equipment; we have space for books, backpacks, and writing utensils. If words are important, then finding places to organize and display words should take prominence in the structure of your classroom.
4 FOLD VOCABUALRY
WORD LISTS – e.g My SchoolCanteen bananas / cashier / cash register / cupcakes / fork / hot dog / lunch box / menu / milk / napkin / orange juice / pizza / salad / sandwich / soup / spoon / student / rubbish bin/ tray / Classroom alphabet / blackboard / whiteboard/ book / book bag / calendar / chair / chalk / clock / computer / desk / map / pencil / pencil sharpener / ruler / scissors / stapler / student / teacher / rubbish binHallway bannister / bell / boys' toilets / bulletin board / clock / drinking fountain / stairs / exit sign / fire alarm / fire extinguisher / girls' toilet / lock / lockers / stairs / student / teacher / wheelchairLibrary book return / books and magazines / card catalog / cassette tape / chair / clock / computer / desk / film projector / head phones / librarian / table / tape player / T.V. / VCRPlayground ball / basketball hoop / bell / bench / door / fence / flag / grass / sandpit/ school bus / seesaw / slide / student / swings / tree / cricket
IDIOMS
Many students, especially English Language Learners find our language difficult because of its infinite number of idiomatic expressions. Idioms are expressions that do not mean what they literally say. When children aren't exposed to these expressions (or when adults use them and don't explain what they mean) it can create a barrier to vocabulary and comprehension. One way to enrich your students’ background is to expose them to as many expressions as possible. The handout today contains some of the most common idiomatic expressions, but it's not an exhaustive list
PREFIX/SUFFIX CHECKERSPurchase a checkers board and place
velcro on the black squares on the game board. Print, laminate, and cut out the fprefix/suffix squares on the template in your handout and place corresponding velcro pieces on the back. Place the words with prefixes and suffixes in random order on the game board. Each time a player moves a checker they must say the prefix or suffix, read the word, and explain what it means. (The template "Common Prefixes/Suffixes" from above can help children as they are playing this game)
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