task force on the quality of employment dimension 1. safety and ethics of employment: forced labour...
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Task Force on the Quality of Task Force on the Quality of EmploymentEmployment
Dimension 1. Safety and Ethics of Dimension 1. Safety and Ethics of Employment: Employment:
Forced LabourForced Labour
By Igor ChernyshevBy Igor Chernyshev
Paris, 12 June Paris, 12 June 20082008Paris, 12 June Paris, 12 June 20082008
Bureau of StatisticsBureau of StatisticsPolicy Integration and Statistics DepartmentPolicy Integration and Statistics Department
International Labour Office (ILO)International Labour Office (ILO)
IC/ILO-2008 2
“How to recognize forced labour?”Forced labour is defined in Convention 29 as « all work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily » (Art. 2.1.)
The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, (2000) defines trafficking as ‘…the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.’
IC/ILO-2008 3
From conventions to indicators!
How to translate these convention and protocols into operational indicators?
How to recognize situations of forced labour and trafficking?
What are the forms of forced labour?
IC/ILO-2008 4
Gaps in indicators
There are various forms of forced labour, with more modern and more traditional manifestations!
A typology of forced labour for statistical estimation
Forced Labour
State-imposed
Private-imposed
For commercial sexual exploitation
For other economic exploitation
of which victims of trafficking in persons
IC/ILO-2008 5
Types of surveys
Set of questions embedded in national surveys
CostSensitive issue
Child labour surveyLabour Force survey (labour migration module)Budget and expenditure
IC/ILO-2008 6
National Surveys on forced labour and trafficking
What is the national context? What forms of forced labour should be studied?
Forced labour in the country?Trafficking from the country?Trafficking to the country?
What kind of survey? Which sampling?What indicators ?
IC/ILO-2008 7
Analysis of the data collected in the survey
Indicators on the situation of workers:% of successful workers% of exploited workers (no deception nor coercion)% of victims of forced labour/trafficking for forced labour
Profile of workers at risk of forced labourComparison of working conditions in the three groups of workers
Indicators are calculated by:SexCountry of destination/origin (in case of labour migration)Sector of activity
IC/ILO-2008 8
From indicators to questions
Three dimensions:Recruitment: free, deceptive, coercive?Exploitation- Non-decent work (wages, hours of work, hazardous tasks, etc)Coercion
• Forced to do what?• What means of coercion?
Many situations of labour migrants are neither clear decent work, nor clear forced labour.
Introduction of a decision tree with combinations of the three dimensions including grey areas
IC/ILO-2008 9
Customization to the local situation
Niger: indicator of coercion is the right of the employer to control the life and work of the children of the employee
Moldova: indicator of coercion for migrants is the threat of reporting to authorities
IC/ILO-2008 10
Current surveysMoldova: LFS + labour migration-12’000HH-April-June 2008
Georgie: Ad-hoc survey-8’000 HH- June 2008
Paraguay: National census of indiegenous people
Zambia: LFS- Module on forced labour
Niger: Child labour survey
Russia: Survey on migrants (EC project ILO-IOM)- Non representative
IC/ILO-2008 11
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