swelling correlations

SWELLING CORRELATIONS

Definition

Soil swelling is a term generally applied to the abilityof a soil to undergo large changes in volume due toincreased moisture content.

Correlations in Terms of

1. Activity

2. Swelling Pressure

3. Potential Volume Change (PVC)

4. Coefficient of Linear Extensibility (COLE)

5. Shrink-Swell Index – Iss

6. Swell Index Cs

7. Cation Exchange Capacity - CEC

Swell Percent in terms of Activity

Skempton (1953)

Ac= Activity, PI = Plasticity Index, & C = %age finer than 0.002

mm

Skempton’s definition of activity is modified to:

Swell Percent in terms of Activity

Activity of Clays (Skempton 1953)

Typical Values of activities for various clay minerals

Swell Percent in terms of Activity

Classification of degree of expansion by USBR.

Seed et al. (1962)

S under a surcharge of 6.9 kPa (1 psi)

Swell Percent in terms of Activity

Fig. 1: Classification Chart for swelling potential (Seed et al., 1962).

Fig. 2: Simplified Relationship between plasticity index and clay content (Seed et al., 1962)

Van der Merwe (1964) chart

Fig. 3: Van der Merwe (1964), Based on

PI, percentage of clay <2μm and

activity.

Fig. 4. Activity chart of Van Der Merwe (1964) for

estimation of the degree of expansiveness of

clay soil.

Van der Merwe (1964) chart

Williams (1957) and Van der Merwe (1964), the

amount by which a soil could potentially swell is given

by:

Where;

wi is the initial water content

P is the vertical pressure under which swell takes place

WLW is the weighted liquid limit, defined by:

Swell Potential and Shrinkage Index

Ranganatham and Satyanarayan (1965) propose an

equation of the form:

m1= constant = 41.13, for natural soils

SI = shrinkage index (LL-SL)

Based on Plasticity Chart

Fig. 5: Swelling potential based on plasticity chart Dakshanamurthy and Raman

(1973).

Based on Suction

McKeen (1992) gave indirect measurement of swelling potential

Linear Shrinkage, Shrinkage Limit

and Percent Swell

Table 6: Swell Potential Criteria per Altmeyer 1955

Table 7: Identification criteria for expansive clays (After Holtz

and Gibbs, 1956).

Colloid Content and Degree of

Expansion

Colloid Content and Degree of

Expansion

Identification Criteria for Expansive Clays from US

Bereau of Reclamation (1960)

Based on Atterberg Limits

Swell Potential Criteria per Terzaghi and Peck

1967

Based on Atterberg Limits

Swell Potential per Raman 1967.

Based on Atterberg Limits

Potential Volume Change per Sowers and Sowers

1970

Based on Atterberg Limits

Peck et al (1974)

Relationship between Swelling Potential of soils and

Plasticity Index.

Based on Atterberg Limits

Swell Potential Classification per Snethen et al.

1977

Based on Atterberg Limits

USAEWES classification of swell potential (from

O’Neill and Poorymoayed, 1980 after Beil and

Culshaw, 2001).

USAEWES = United States Army Engineers Waterways Experimental Station

Based on Atterberg Limits

Relations between Atterberg limits & swelling

potential (Pitts, 1984: Kalantari, 1991).

Based on Atterberg Limits

Estimating probale swelling pressure from Chen

(1988).

A and B are constants equal to 0.0838 and 0.2558 respectively.

Based on Atterberg Limits

Relation between swelling potential with plasticity

index (Bowels, 1988)

Based on Atterberg Limits

Swell Potential per Kay 1990.

Swell Potential and Clay Mineral

Type Allocation

Modified Nelson and Miller (1992) swell potential

and clay mineral type allocation

Based on Clay Fraction

Plasticity Index and Clay Fraction BRE (1993)

Comparison of Different Authors Work to

a Single Parameter

Empirical approaches between physiochemical

characteristics and swelling

Comparison of Different Authors Work to

a Single Parameter

Empirical Approaches between physicochemical

characteristics and swelling.

Classifications for degree of expansion

(swelling potential)

Correlations between Swelling Potential &

Plasticity Index, Chen (1983).

Empirical Relationships

Seed et al., 1962

Ranganathan and Satyanrayan, 1965

Nayak and Christensen, 1971

Empirical Relationships

Vijayvergiva and Ghazzaly 1973

Schneider and Poor 1974

Weston, D.J. 1980

Empirical Relationships

Chen, F.H. 1988

Basma, A.A. 1993

Al-Shayea, N.A. 2001

Empirical Relationships

Rao, A.S., Rao, S.M., and Gangadhara, S. 2004

Yilmaz, I. 2006

Zapata et al. 2006

Empirical Relationships

Nayak and Christensen (1974) studied the swelling

behavior of compacted expansive soils as;

Swelling Potential & Initial Dry Density

The relationship between volume change and initial dry density

of expansive soil samples compacted at constant moisture

content, Chen (1975).

Swelling Potential & Initial Water

Content

Volume change versus moisture content for samples

compacted at constant dry density, Chen (1975).

Swell Percent versus Dry Density

Swell percent versus dry density of samples

compacted at constant moisture content values,

Kassif et al (1965).

Swell Percent with Void Ratio

Variation of swell percent with void ratio of samples

having equal moisture content values, Brackley

(1973).

Swell Percent and Initial State Factor,

(Fi)

The linear relationship between swell percent and initial state

factor, Fi for the data analyzed of present tests results.

Swell Percent v/s Adsorption

Swelling behaviour (as percent of total swell) of soil-bentonite

mixtures.

Swell Percent & Stress Path

Stress Path dependencies from Seed et al. 1962.

Swell Percent & Stress Path

Stress Path dependencies Juto et al. 1984.

Effects of Compactive Effort on

Swelling

Rao et al. 2004

Impact of Initial Conditions on Swell

Potential

(Ito 2009)

Soil Swelling/Shrinkage Characteristic

Curve.

Differences in Triaxial & Odometer

Axial Swell

Al-Mhaidib 1998.

Swelling Potential Classification in Correlation with

Anticipated Damages to Building Structures

Physiographic Zones, Parent Material,

Classification & Swelling Potential

(Scott, 1963)

Correlations in Terms of Swelling

Pressure

Komornik and David (1969)

(γd = g/cm3)

Vijayvergiya and Ghazzaly (1973)

(γd = kN/m3)

Correlations in Terms of Swelling

Pressure

Daniel Teklu, (2003)

(γd = kg/m3)

Dagmawe Negussie, (2007)

Ashenafi Tamrat, (2013)

Correlations in Terms of Swelling

Pressure

The effect of initial water content on swelling pressure as remolded by three methods

by Lingwei Kong, 2000

The swelling pressure versus water content relation

Correlation in terms of Expansion

Index

Δh = percent swell and F = fraction passing No. 4 sieve

UBC Expansive Soil tendency (UBC Table 18-1-B)

Correlations in Terms of Potential Volume

Change (PVC)

PVC meter is a standardized apparatus for

measuring swelling pressure.

Table : Values of PVC (Lambe, 1961).

Classification for shrink-swell soils

A ‘Modified Plasticity Index’ (IP’) is proposed in the Building Research

Establishment Digest 240 (BRE, 1993) for use where the particle size

data is known, Table

Correlations in Terms of Coefficient of

Linear Extensibility (COLE)

Where;

ΔL /ΔLD = linear strain relative to dry dimensions

γdB = dry density of oven dry sample,

γdM = dry density of sample at 5 psi suction

National Soil Survey uses Linear Extensibility (LE) as an

estimator of clay mineralogy.

Nagaraj and Murty (1985)

Nakase et al. (1988)

Correlations of Shrink Swell Index

(Peter. W. Reynolds 2013)

Newly Developed Equations and their

Performance Indices

Yoelmaz (1999).

Correlation in Terms of Cation Exchange

Capacity - CEC

Swelling potential classification of the clayey soils

according to their CEC, Yoelmaz (1999).

Swelling Potential Chart for clayey soils due CEC

and LL values. Yoelmaz (1999).

Correlation in Terms of Cation

Exchange Capacity - CEC

Correlation in Terms of Cation Exchange

Capacity - CEC

CEC values for some clay minerals (Grim, 1968)

Yoelmaz 1999, Distribution of randomly selected samples, having

various CEC value, on the swelling potential chart of van der Merwe

(1964).

REFRENCES

A. Sridharan, PhD, DSc and K. Prakash, PhD, Classification procedures for expansive soils.

Abdirshkur Kemal, corrrlation between index properties and swelling pressure of expansive soils found around koye area,

November, 2015.

Amer Ali Al-Rawas, Mattheus F.A. Goosen, Expansive Soils: Recent Advances in Characterization and Treatment.

Behzad Kalantari, Engineering Significant of Swelling Soils, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran, Research Journal of

Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4(17): 2874-2878, 2012, ISSN: 2040-7467.

Bujang B.K. Huat, David G. Toll, Arun, Handbook of Tropical Residual Soils Engineering

Daniel Curtis Rosenbalm, Volume Change Behavior of Expansive Soils due to Wetting and Drying Cycles, Arizona State

University, August 2013.

Lee D Jones, Ian Jefferson, Institution of Civil Engineers Manuals series, Chapter C5 – Expansive Soils.

Lingwei Kong, Study on shear strength and swellingshrinkage characteristic of compacted expansive soil, May 2000.

M. Aniculaesi, Indirect estimation of the swelling pressure of active clay based on a new activity coefficient (CA), Gheorghe

Asachi, Technical University of Iaşi, România, 2015.

Michael Carter, Stephen P. Bentley, Soil Properties and Their Correlations, second edition, published 2016 by John Wiley &

Sons, Ltd.

M. F. Attom, Majed M. Abu-Zreig, and Mohammed Taleb Obaidat, Effect of remolding techniques on soil swelling and shear

strength properties.

Magdi Zumrawi, Swelling potential of compacted expansive soils, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Khartoum

Khartoum Sudan, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 2 Issue 3, March

– 2013.

REFRENCES

N. V. Nayak and R. W. Christensen, Swelling characteristics of compacted, Expansive soils, Department of Engineering

Mechanics, Engineering Building, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc. 53706, November 1970.

Nihat S. Isik, Estimation of swell index of fine grained soils using regression equations and artificial neural networks,

Department of Construction Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, August, 2009.

P. C. Kariuki, F. van der Meer, A unified swelling potential index for expansive soils, July 2003.

Pamela Jo Thomas, Quantifying Properties and Variability of Expansive Soils in Selected Map Units, Dissertation submitted to

the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, April 15, 1998.

Peter. W. Reynolds, Engineering Correlations for the Characterisation of Reactive Soil Behaviour for Use in Road Design,

October 2013.

R. Hashim and A.S. Muntohar, Swelling rate of expansion clay soils.

S. Jayasekera, A. Mohajerani, Some relationships between shrink-swell index, liquid limit, plasticity index, activity and free

swell index, Australian Geomechanics Journal, June 2003.

S.M. Rao, Classification of expansive soil.

U. N. Umoren, A. E. Edet and A. S. Ekwere, Geotechnical Assessment of a Dam Site: A Case Study of Nkari Dam, South Eastern

Nigeria, Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, vol. 6, no.2, 2016, 73-88, ISSN: 1792-9040.

Yilmaz, Relationships between Liquid Limit, Cation Exchange Capacity, and Swelling Potentials of Clayey Soils, Received

November 22, 2001.

Z. Belabbaci, S. M. A. Mamoune & A. Bekkouche, Laboratory Study of the Influence of Mineral Salts on Swelling (KCl, MgCl2),

University Center of Ain Temouchent, Algeria. Earth Science Research; Vol. 2, No. 2; 2013, ISSN 1927-0542.