sustainable use of industrial waste materials as raw material replacement in lightweight concrete
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Sustainable Use of Industrial Waste
Raw Material Replacement in Lightweight Concrete
Piti Sukontasukkul, PhD Prof., KMUTNB, Thailand
Vice President, TCA, Thailand
Concrete is Everywhere in Thailand
From local production to plant production
From bucket to chute, to pump, and to precast
From small units to large and complex units
Clinker and Cement Production
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Portland Cement 16.0 17.5 19.6 19.1 20.9 23.7 25.6 22.1 20.2 21.1 23.4 23.5 27.9
Mixed Cement 8.96 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.0 13.3 12.9 11.5 10.9 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.3
Clinker 28.6 32.6 37.5 32.9 35.3 38.7 40.9 40.7 38.1 37.6 38.8 37.8 39.8
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Qu
an
tity
(m
illi
on
to
ns)
Cement Production- Thailand
Source: The office of Industrial
Workshop on Concrete Sustainability, Kagawa University, Japan
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Portland Cement 9.31 10.1 12.9 13.6 16.0 17.7 17.8 15.9 15.1 15.4 17.4 18.1 21.1
Mixed Cement 7.91 8.40 9.39 9.99 11.1 11.3 11.3 9.63 9.03 9.20 9.36 9.92 10.2
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Qu
an
tity
(m
illi
on
to
ns)
Domestic Usage
Source: The office of Industrial
Concrete Consumption
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ready-mixed Concrete
5.14 7.52 8.91 9.61 12.2 11.4 10.8 10.6 11.0 10.5 10.8 11.0 13.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16Q
uan
tity
(mil
lion
cu
.m)
Ready-mixed Concrete
Source: The office of Industrial Economy
Limestone Reserve and Consumption
At the current consumption rate of 145 million tons per year, the available resource will run out in 21.2 years
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE MIXED WITH LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Source of Aggregates
Aluminum Waste
Aerated Block Manufacturing Waste
Abandoned Tires
Aggregate Properties
Aggregate - Crumb Rubber (CR)
Physical Properties
Specific Gravity (Dry) 0.96
Specific Gravity (SSD) 0.97
Specific Gravity (Apparent) 0.97
Absorption (%) 0.92
Fineness Modulus 4.93
Composition
Natural Rubber 23.1%
Synthetic Rubber 17.9%
Carbon Black 28.0%
Ash Content 5.1%
Others 16.5%
Aggregate - Aerated Block Waste (AB)
Dry Specific Gravity 0.75 kg/cu.m
SSD Specific Gravity 1.27 kg/cu.m
Absorption 71 %
Compressive Strength >3 MPa
Modulus of Rupture 0.45 MPa
Elastic Modulus 1530 MPa
Aggregate -Aluminum Waste (AW)
Dry Specific Gravity 0.73
Bulk Specific Gravity 1.08
SSD Specific Gravity 1.25
Percent Void 72 %
Percent Absorption 16 %
GENERAL APPLICATIONS
Concrete Properties-Specific Gravity
Concrete Properties: Percentage Absorption
Compressive Strength
Flexural Strength
SOUND AND THERMAL APPLICATIONS
Aerated Waste Concrete Panel
Aluminum Waste Concrete Panel
Crumb Rubber-Rubberized Concrete
Thermal Insulation Applications
Paraffin Impregnated in Aggregate (PIA) from
Aluminum Waste
Degree of Impregnation vs. Time
Thermal Properties of Concrete Panel mixed with PIA
MILITARY APPLICATION
Ability to Absorb Energy of
Rubberized Concrete
Low strength but high energy absorption
Rubberized Concrete as a Cushion Layer for Bulletproof Concrete Panel
T1
T2
Rubberized Concrete
Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Failure Patterns : Double Layer Panel
Typical Failure Patterns Partially Energy Dissipation
Ideal Failure Patterns Full Energy Dissipation
Typical Acceleration Response SFRC (9 mm)
Typical Acceleration Response Double Layer (9 mm Bul.)
Comparison
Single Layer Plate Double Layer Plate Responding time: Slower in Double layer plate
Acceleration Value: Lower in Double layer plate
Conclusion • In order to sustain our natural resource availability and
prolong its depletion, the search for alternative materials for concrete production is necessary.
• The use of industrial waste to produce aggregates not only can reduce waste and pollution, it also can help reduce the use of virgin materials (slow down natural resource depletion).
• Some industrial wastes may not exhibit good mechanical properties to suit structural purposes, BUT there are some properties that allow them to be used extremely well on other applications such as sound and thermal insulation, or even bulletproof panel.
Thank you Prof. Koji Sakai for 15 years of friendship
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