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SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY:A CASE OF SINGAPORE
Mohinder SinghAdvisor, LTA Academy
Land Transport AuthoritySingapore
CBD
High-densityhousing
High-densityhousing
49 km
25 km
12%
15%
73%
Land Use
Roads
Housing
Others
Singapore
Population: 5.4 millionLand Area: 716 sq. km
Land Transport Facts and Figures
Note: Figures accurate as of Jan 2014
Road Network 3,452kmExpressway Network 164kmVehicle Population 974,170Car Population 623,688MRT 153kmLRT 29kmBuses 3,777Taxis 27,695
Passenger Transport Mode Share
3.48 millionBuses
2.65 millionMRT / LRT
0.97 millionTaxi
Total PT Trips7.0 million
PT Mode Share63% during peak
periods
Severe Traffic Congestion Rising travel demand Unreliable bus services
Traffic in the 1960s
Land Transport Policy and Strategies
Integrate transport and land use planning
Manage private transport demand
Develop public transport
Integrate Transport andLand Use Planning
• In 1967, the government commissioned the Stateand City Planning (SCP) project to examine generalurban planning and transportation development
• 4 year planning and studying process led to the 1971Concept Plan - Singapore’s first integrated land useand transport development plan
Concept Plan Transportation Plan
Integrate Transport andLand Use Planning
• Focused on providing a high quality livingenvironment
• More housing options in the city toinject vibrancy into central area
• Set aside land in CBD for development ofglobal financial hub
1972
Concept Plan1991
Concept Plans• Ring Plan structure• High-density satellite towns built around central
water catchment area• Shaped the key transport developments – Changi
Airport, MRT, expressways network
• Decentralisation strategy• Commercial centres to be developed in different
parts of Singapore• Bring jobs closer to homes and alleviate
congestion in the city centre
Integrate Transport andLand Use Planning
Planning ProcessConcept Plan
5 Year RoadDevelopmentProgramme
Rail Lines
Master Plan
Planning Feasibility Studies
Long Term RTS and RMP Long term plans30-40 years
Medium Term RTS and RoadPlans
Medium term plans10-15 years
Near term plans5-10 years
Integrated Master Planning &Development
• Increase commuters’walkability and accessibility
• Reduce need of travel and cardependency
• Promote high density,compact public transport-centric urban fabric
• Safeguard future transportcorridors
Integration of Transport and Housing Estates
Benefits of Integrated Long RangePlanning
1. A mix of uses2. High density3. Good connectivity4. Transportation Choices5. High quality design
PUNGGOL LRT SYSTEM ROUTE
SengkangStation
Sengkang Town
Punggol Town
PunggolStation
Integrating Transit withDevelopments
Sengkang Interchange
SKLRT
NEL
Compass Point
SKG Bus
Interchange
Compass Height
Sengkang Town Centre
Bus InterchangeMRT
LRT CommercialResidential
Activity PlazaConcourse
Sengkang Interchange(cross section)
City Planning in Marina Bay Area
InternationalPassengerTerminal
MarinaBarrage
SingaporeFlyer
Business & Financial Centre
Golf Course
Sands Integrated Resort
SingaporeBotanic Gardens
2
DTE
CCL
Marina Bay bridge
Promenade station
Esplanade
Bayfront
Landmark
Cross Street
Marina CoastalExpressway
Institutional Governance
Organizational Structure
Land Transport Sector
PublicTransportCouncil (PTC)
Maritime PortAuthority (MPA)
Civil Aviation Authorityof Singapore (CAAS)
Land TransportAuthority (LTA)
Ministry of Transport(MOT)
Formation of the Land TransportAuthority
• Planned and built the MRT• Regulated the operator (SMRT)Mass Rapid Transit
Corporation
• Planned, built and managed roadsand pedestrian infrastructure andcommuter facilities
Public WorksDepartment (PWD)
• Administered, regulated andenforced land transport; as well asvehicle polices
Registry of Vehicles
• Developed land transport strategiesand policies
Ministry ofCommunications
Merged toform an
integratedland
transportauthority(LTA) in
September1995
Formation of the Land TransportAuthority
LTA was formed with the objective to:
Integrate all relevant areas of land transport into one body so as toimprove communication between the different transport agenciesand ultimately, the efficiency of Singapore’s land transport system
and operations.
Vision: A People-centred land transport system
Mission: To provide an efficient and cost-effective land transport system fordifferent needs
Rationale: A single authority to coordinate Singapore’s transport plans (privateand public transport) and infrastructure building
LTA’s Functions
• Formulation of land transport policies• Integrate transport planning with land
use• Plan, design and develop Rapid Transit
System (RTS)• Plan, design and develop road
infrastructure• Manage road traffic and maintain road
infrastructure• Implement Road Pricing
• Regulate public transport services• Regulate private transport ownership
and usage• Carry out bus network planning
• Manage public transport ticketingpayment systems, and paymenttransactions for road pricing andelectronic parking system.
Public Transport Council• An independent body established in 1987
• Members are from a wide spectrum of society
• Regulates
• bus service standards
• bus service operators
• ticket payment services
• bus & rapid transit system
fares
Ministry of TransportMinistry of Transport
Public Transport Council Land Transport AuthorityLand Transport Authority
Public Transport Operators
• Bus Service Operator Licences& Route Licences
• Bus Service Standards
• Fare Regulation
• Rail Operating Licences
• Rail Service Standards
• Technical agent to PTC on fares& bus routes
Regulators
• To ensure efficient network, information and fareintegration
• To facilitate seamless travel for commuters withintroduction of MRT in 1987
Current Industry Structure
• Raising the costs of Vehicle Ownership
• Charging for Road Usage
Not Economically nor environmentally sustainable to keep
building roads to meet the ever increasing demand for road space!
Managing Private TransportDemand
UsageRestraint
OwnershipControl
Demand Management
• Ownership Measures:– Vehicle Quota System– Other Ownership Costs
• Additional Registration Fee• Excise Duty• Road Tax
• Usage Measures:– Road Pricing
Vehicle Quota System (VQS)
• Implemented in 1990. Certificate of Entitlement (COE)required to register a new vehicle, valid for 10 years
• Regulates vehicle population growth at a rate that canbe sustained by road networko 3% p.a. from 1990 to 2008o 1.5% p.a. from 2009 to 2011o 0.5% p.a. from 2012 to 2014
• Open on-line bidding exercise
RestrictedZone
Ang Mo Kio
CBD
BukitTimah
Ang Mo Kio
CBD
BukitTimah
• Implemented in 1975• Reduced traffic entering the
Restricted Zone (RZ)
Area Licensing System (ALS)
65 kph45 kph
IncreaseERP rate
DecreaseERP rate
Expressways
30 kph20 kph
IncreaseERP rate
DecreaseERP rate
Arterial Roads
ERP Rates reviewed every 3 months To ensure optimal use of road space
ERP implemented in 1998, is a congestionmanagement tool which optimises theuse of road capacity through the pricingof roads
Flexible – rates vary by location/time,based on local traffic conditions
Equitable – motorists pay for congestioncosts imposed on others or choose totravel at different time/route/use publictransport
Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
50019
75
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
Traffic Volume to City (AM Peak) Vehicle Population Car Population
ALS implementation(June 1975)
ERPimplementation
(Sept 1998)
(Before ALS)
Effect of ERP
Public Transport Development
• Financing framework
• Public transport modes
Financing Framework
Partnership approach• Government builds & pays for infrastructure• Operators recover cost from operating revenue• (fare, advertising, etc)• Commuters pay for service
Self-sustaining transport network• Little / no subsidy on operation and maintenance
of MRT system
Rail Network TodayRapid Transit Network – Today (182 km)
0.0
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
0
40
80
120
160
200
1986 1990 1996 1999 2001 2003 2007 2009 2010 2011 June2012
Rid
ersh
ip (M
illio
ns)
RTS Ridership RTS Stations (as-built) RTS Length (km)R
TS L
engt
h &
Num
ber
of S
tatio
ns
Growth of RTS Network &Ridership
Buses
• Provide comprehensive coverage• 2 bus operators - SMRT Buses & SBS Transit
– Assigned areas of responsibility• > 357 scheduled services• > 4,500 fleet• Fares and service standards are regulated
HDB Towns Transport Hub City
Town A
Town B
Town C
• Feeder to/from MRT• Long-haul journeys in corridors not yetwell served by MRT
• Serve local needs or short journeys
The Role of Buses
Land Transport Master Plan(LTMP 2013)
• 3 strategic thrusts:1. Making public transport a choice mode;2. Managing road usage;3. Meeting the diverse needs of the people
• Enhancing travel experience with a focus on 3 key areas:
More Connections Better Service Liveable & InclusiveCommunity
Rail Network Expansion
LTMP 2013 Project Est. Completion
Cross Island Line By 2030
Jurong Region Line By 2025
Circle Line 6 By 2025
North East LineExtension
By 2030
Downtown LineExtension
By 2025
More Connections
182 km to 360 km by 2030
Promoting Cycling
Integrated Transport HubsMore Connection Buses
7 190 km 3,000 2015cycling towns
to becompleted by
2015
of cyclingtracks by
2020
racks atMRT
stations by3Q14
year ofbicycling
sharing pilotat Jurong Lake
District
Air-con bus interchanges and MRT/LRT stations integrated with shops
7 more to be completed in the next 10 years
Walk2Ride at MRT Stations
Extended from 200m toabout 400m radius
More Connections
10Under the
CityDirect
Programme
Bringsyou
straightinto the
City
More Connecting Buses
City Direct Bus Services
More Connections
Better ServiceIncreasing Train Frequencies
80%Basic Services
Arriving Within 10Minutes
95%Feeder Services
Arriving Within 10Minutes
Shorter WaitingTime during Peak
Hours
Improving Bus Services
More Reliable Bus Service
Providing More Travel Options
Involving the Commuters• Promoting graciousness when taking public transport
smoothen travel demand around peak hours
Off-peak travel incentives for commuters
Freetravel if you exit atdesignated stations
before 7.45am
$0.50discount if you exit
from7.45 to 8am
Win prizeswith your points from
INSINC
Promoting a smarter way to travel
Buying more trains and improving the signalling systemto increase frequency of train arrivals
30kmmore bus
lanes; from180kmtoday
150more Mandatory
Give Way to Busessigns; from >200
today
30more bus hubs;from >10 today
New Incentiveand PenaltyFramework
Making PT more inclusive
Safer Roads
Creating a Better EnvironmentLiveable & Inclusive CommunitySustainable Travel• LTMP 2013 is about improving PT significantly• Public transport is one of the best ways to
ensure environmental sustainability• Trains and buses most efficient carriers of
passengers compared to private transport• Reduced number of cars on the roads reduces
carbon emissions for the benefit of theenvironment and our people.
Comparison of Carbon Footprint
Transport Mode I’m Using Average Carbon Footprint (CO2 per 10 km)
My own two feet 0
I’m pedalling a bicycle 0
Taking the bus 0.19kg*
Taking the MRT 0.13kg*
I’m driving a car 1.87kg
Note* Assuming an average loading of 80 passengers per bus and 1,100 per train.
Reclaiming our public spaces: Car-Free/Car-less Zones
Work with other planning agencies to redesignland transport to allow more public spaces toflourish and bring more buzz to our city.
Working with URA to introduce car-free/car-lesszones within selected commercial and historicalareas in the city centre
Also considering these zones in residential areas
• 360 km rail network with2 new lines & 3 extensionsby 2030
• 40 new bus services• 200 km sheltered walkways• Over 700 km cycling path
• 100 new trains• 1 train every 100 secondsduring peak hours
• 7 new integrated hubs• More bus lanes and trafficpriority for buses
• Travel information onMyTransport.SG
• 40 more lifts on Pedestrianoverhead bridges
• 20 km of noise barriers alongMRT tracks
• Safer roads for all• More barrier free access• More car-free zones
What would all these mean by 2030?
85%Of all public transportjourneys (less than20 km) to be completedwithin 60 minutes
8 in 10 homesto be located withina 10-minute walk fromMRT or LRT station
75%of all peak hour journeysto be made on publictransport
LTMP 2013 Key Proposals
More Connections Better Service Liveable & InclusiveCommunity
Key Targets for 2030• Increase peak public transport
Modal Share to 75%• 85% of PT users’ Door-to-Door
travel time <= 1 hour (<20km)
• 80% households within 10minwalk of a train station
25% 75%PT
2020 Target:Reduce PT Travel Time to
<= 1.5 times of car
THANK YOU
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