supplementary education in japan: the insecurity industry “the world-wide growth of supplementary...
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Supplementary Education in Japan:
The Insecurity Industry
“The World-Wide Growth of Supplementary Education”
University of Waterloo, June 4-6 , 2010
Julian DierkesInstitute of Asian Research
University of British Columbia, Canada
The Japanese Education System: History
Rapid implementation of nation-wide education after 1868 Meiji Restoration
Hierarchical and centralized control until 1945
Basic Law of Education (1947) as foundation of postwar education
1960s opening of upper secondary and higher education
The Japanese Education System: Structure
Preschool and daycare < 6 yrs.
Compulsory: 6-15 yrs./grades 1-9
6+3(+3 > 90%)(+4 > 70% some tertiary)
Private and public schools at all levels
Curricula for primary and secondary promulgated by national Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology ( – 文部科学省 MEXT)
Some role for local boards of education
Supplementary Education: Definitions and Scale
( 学習 ) 塾 (gakushū)juku vs. 予備校 yobikō
50,000 juku
No statistics on participation
2008 Benesse Time Use Survey
• From 10% ( 高 1• 北海道 ) to 70% ( 中 3• 近畿 )
• 50% once or twice/week
Supplementary Education: History
Historical continuity from pre-modern
education?
Exam-oriented pedagogy
“Juku-boom” of the 1970s:
a) disposable income,
b) fewer children,
c) meritocratic access to careers/SES,
d) rankings of educational institutions
Supplementary Education: Policy
Juku regulated only as businesses
Juku as indication of the failure of public
education
History of attempts to incorporate into
educational policy
Some reforms-from-below
Supplementary Education: A Market
Voluntary participation
Selection of options
Information on options
For-profit
Supplementary Education: Curriculum and Pedagogy
“Shadow education”: Virtually no
departure from official curriculum or
school pedagogy
Variety of social settings
Variety of delivery methods
Supplementary Education: Organizational Forms
Historic roots in small institutions, but corporate growth since 1990s
Chains, franchises, independent
Local, regional, national
Learning aids industry
Supplementary Education: Teaching Personnel
No formal qualifications
Careers in the shadow (businessmen, teachers)
Recruitment of graduates
Successor challenges
Supplementary Education: Interaction with Schools
Accelerated teaching leads to wide discrepancies in classrooms
Public opposition to supplementary education: bureaucracy, unions
No direct communication between schools and supplementary education
Experimental PPPs: Supplementary education in (public) schools, teachers’ training
Supplementary Education: The Insecurity Business
Historical origins eclipsed by current
insecurity as motivator
“The lost decade(s)”
State of semi-permanent policy crisis
Sensationalization of social ills
Supplementary Education: The Future
Demography = demise
Education markets = conglomerates
Policy insecurity = PPPs
Social ills and individualization = “free schools”
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