status of solar neutrino oscillations - smu physics · 2015. 3. 10. · u if we consider 2 flavours...

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

Scotland

Status of Solar Neutrino Oscillations

With many thanks to Dave Wark -

RAL/ University of Sussex and

Stephen Brice - Fermilab

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandN

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/ The Solar Neutrino Problem

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe Solar Neutrino Problem

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe Solar Neutrino Problem

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe Solar Neutrino Problem

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandNeutrino Oscillations

u Let us assume that neutrinos have(different) masses - ∆m2

u Let us assume that the mass eigenstates arenot identical to the weak eigenstates

u If we consider 2 flavours the mixing ischaracterized by a single angle θ analogousto the Cabibbo angle in case of quarks

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandNeutrino Oscillations

u Recall that:

u Consider θ = 45°

( ) ( ) tiEii

ie0�t� −=

νe νµνµ

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandVacuum Oscillations

u In general this leads to the disappearance ofthe original neutrino flavour

u With the corresponding appearance of the“wrong” neutrino flavour

)E

L� m27.1(sin2sin1)(

222 θνν −=♦ eeP

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe MSW effect

u νe have an extra diagram for scattering fromelectrons.

u gives νe an “effective mass” in matter.

u can lead to resonant enhancement of oscillationsÜ the MSW effect

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandMSW effects on survival probabilities

Taken from

the US K

amL

AN

D proposal

Tak

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rom

Mic

heal

Sm

yÕs

talk

, Mor

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200

1

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandGlobal fit, 8B Flux a free parameter

u Includes:– Rates:

» Homestake

» SAGE

» GALLEX/GNO

» Super-K

– Super-K spectra

» day

» night

From Bahcall, Krastev, and Smirnov; hep-ph/0103179

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSterile ν solutions

u Includes:– Rates:

» Homestake

» SAGE

» GALLEX/GNO

» Super-K

– Super-K spectra

» day

» night

From Bahcall, Krastev, and Smirnov; hep-ph/0103179

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSmoking guns?u ν oscillations are consistent with the data,

but are they the right explanation?

u Other models have been proposed - FCNC,extra dimensions, violations of the EP,neutrino decay, neutrino magnetic moments,etc….

u What would be proof for oscillations?

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe Super-Kamiokande Detector

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSuper-K Elastic Scattering

Directly away from the Sun

Directly towards the Sun

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSmoking guns from solar ν? Pre-SNO

u The appearance of the wrong-flavorneutrinos in the beam - not seen yet forsolar neutrinos

u A variation of the rate with L/E—Spectral distortions—Seasonal variations

u Regeneration of neutrinos passingthrough the Earth.

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandDay/Night variation in Super-K

Tak

en f

rom

Mic

heal

Sm

yÕs

talk

, Mor

iond

200

1

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSNO

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe SNO Detector

1000 tons D2O

Acrylic Vessel

Phototube SupportStructure (PSUP)

104 8Ó PMTs6500 tons H2O

Surface: 2 km

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

Scotlandν Reactions in SNO

-Good measurement of νe energy spectrum-Weak directional sensitivity ∝ 1-1/3cos(θ)

-Measure total 8B ν flux from the sun.

NCxx

νν ++⇒+ npd

ES -- +⇒+ e_e_ x x

-Low Statistics-Strong directional sensitivity

CC -eppd ++⇒+νe

⇒

νe only

⇒Equal cross sectionfor all ν types

⇒All ν types butenhanced sensitivity to νe

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSNO run sequence

u Pure D2O– Good CC sensitivity

u Added Salt in D2O

– Enhanced NC sensitivity

u Neutral Current Detectors– 3He proportional counters in the

D2O

Neutron Detection Method

Capture on D

Capture on Cl

Capture on 3He

Event by event separation of CC and NCevents

n + 3He → p + t

n + 35Cl → 36Cl + Σγ … → e− (EΣγ = 8.6 MeV)

n + d → t + γ … → e− (Eγ = 6.3 MeV)

The Three Ph ases

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandThe enemy…..

βs and γs from decays in these chains interfere with our signals at low energies

And worse, γs over 2.2 MeVcause d + γ → n + p

Design called for: D2O < 10-15 gm/gm U/Th H2O < 10-14 gm/gm U/Th Acrylic < 10-12 gm/gm U/Th

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSignals in SNO

NC Salt(BP98)

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandAcrylic Vessel Assay

u Every piece sampledand tested

u Sample bonds tested

u Direct Assay byCherenkov light

AV well below(~1/10)

the target level of 2 ppt U/Th

ÒBerkeley BlobÓ9

+20 m 3 µg ÒThÓ-5

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandInstrumental Background Cuts

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSolar Neutrino Spectrum

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSNO cos(θ)sun distribution

Electron Angle with respect to the direction from the Sun

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSmoking Guns in SNO - 1

Charged-current spectrumis more sensitive to shape

distortions!

ES

CC

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSmoking Guns in SNO - 2

τµ νννν

++=

e

e

NC

CC

Bahcall etal., Phys. Rev. D 54, 5147 (1996)

Charged-Current to Neutral Currentratio is a direct signature

for oscillations

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSmoking Guns in SNO - 3

)(14.0ES

CC

e

e

τµ νννν

++=CC/ES Could also show

significant effects!

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandBorexino

ES in 300t superclean scintillator target

Under Construction, data taking end 2001

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandSignals and Backgrounds

Background suppression is challenging!

Signal suppression is promising!

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandOscillation Sensitivity

Reactor ν disappearance

Jorge G. MorfínCTEQ SS 2001St. Andrews,

ScotlandConclusions

u Neutrino Oscillations very stronglyindicated.

u A real Solar ν smoking gun from SNOcollaboration.

u We live in interesting times…...