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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Debate Over Reconstruction
Section 2: Republican Rule
Section 3: Reconstruction Collapses
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
How Do Nations Recover From War?After war devastates a country, it needs to feed and house refugees, repair damage, create jobs, and get the economy growing again. The United States faced all of these problems after the Civil War, but it also had to find a way to reconcile Northerners and Southerners and protect the rights of the formerly enslaved.
• What did the United States do to reconstruct the South?
• Considering both the short term and the long term, was Reconstruction a success or a failure?
Chapter Intro 1
The Debate Over Reconstruction
What key issues caused disagreements about how Reconstruction should take place?
Chapter Intro 2
Republican Rule
How did the politics of Reconstruction affect African Americans?
Chapter Intro 3
Reconstruction Collapses
What problems hindered rebuilding of the Southern economy?
Section 1-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Group Action Northerners disagreed about which policies would best rebuild the South and safeguard the rights of African Americans.
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• amnesty
• pocket veto
• black codes
• impeach
Academic Vocabulary
• requirement • precedent
Section 1-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Radical Republicans
• Wade-Davis Bill
• Freedmen’s Bureau
• Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Fourteenth Amendment
• Fifteenth Amendment
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Do you feel that a president should be impeached because he disagrees with Congress?
A. Yes
B. No
0%0%
Section 1
The Reconstruction Battle Begins
Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, as well as Radical Republicans in Congress, put forward different plans for reconstructing the Union.
Section 1
• The president and Congress grappled with the difficult task of Reconstruction.
– They had to decide under what terms and conditions the former Confederate states could rejoin the Union.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins (cont.)
Section 1
• President Lincoln wanted a moderate policy that would reconcile Southerners with the Union instead of punishing them for treason.
– In December 1863 he offered a general amnesty to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and accepted the Union’s proclamations concerning slavery.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins (cont.)
Section 1
• The Radical Republicans disliked Lincoln’s plan; they had three main goals:
– They wanted to prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power after the war.
– They wanted the Republican Party to become a powerful institution in the South.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins (cont.)
Section 1
– They wanted the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote in the South.
• The moderates thought Lincoln was too lenient but that the radicals were going too far in supporting African Americans.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins (cont.)
– Together with the radicals, they introduced an alternative plan to Lincoln’s—the Wade-Davis Bill.
Section 1
– Congress passed this bill, but Lincoln blocked it with a pocket veto.
The Reconstruction Battle Begins (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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How many seats in the House of Representatives would the South gain after being restored to the Union?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 15
D. 20
Section 1
Freedmen’s Bureau
The Freedmen’s Bureau helped newly freed African Americans obtain food, find work, and get an education.
Section 1
• As Sherman marched through Georgia and South Carolina, thousands of freed African Americans—now known as freedmen—began following his troops, seeking food and shelter.
– The refugee crises prompted Congress to establish the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands—better known as the Freedmen’s Bureau.
Freedmen’s Bureau (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Section 1
The Freedmen’s Bureau provided the following services EXCEPT
A. It fed and clothed war refugees in the South using surplus army supplies.
B. It helped formerly enslaved people find work on plantations.
C. It provided former slaves forty acres and a mule.
D. It established special courts to deal with grievances between workers and planters.
E. It worked closely with Northern charities to educate formerly enslaved African Americans.
A B C D E
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Section 1
Johnson Takes Office
President Johnson wanted to readmit Southern states on generous terms; meanwhile, Southern states passed laws restricting the rights of African Americans.
Section 1
• Lincoln’s vice president, Andrew Johnson, became president after Lincoln’s assassination.
– He believed that a moderate policy was needed to bring the South back into the Union and to win Southern loyalty.
Johnson Takes Office (cont.)
Section 1
• In the summer of 1865, Johnson initiated what he called his restoration program, which closely resembled Lincoln’s plan.
• The new Southern state legislatures passed a series of laws known as black codes, which severely limited African American’s rights.
Johnson Takes Office (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Section 1
Whom did Johnson exclude from pardon?
A. Former citizen of the Confederacy
B. Former Confederate officers and officials
C. Former Confederates who owned property worth more than $20,000
D. A and B
E. B and C
0% 0% 0%0%0%
Section 1
Radical Republicans Take Control
Radical Republicans, angered by President Johnson’s actions, designed their own policies to reconstruct the South.
Section 1
• In late 1865, House and Senate Republicans created a Joint Committee on Reconstruction.
– Their plan was to develop their own program for rebuilding the Union.
Radical Republicans Take Control (cont.)
• In an effort to override the black codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Section 1
• The act accomplished the following:
– It granted citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. except Native Americans.
– It allowed African Americans to own property and stated that they were to be treated equally in court.
– It also gave the federal government the power to sue people who violated those rights.
Radical Republicans Take Control (cont.)
Section 1
• Worried that the Supreme Court might overturn the Civil Rights Act, the Republicans then introduced the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
• In March 1867 congressional Republicans passed the Military Reconstruction Act, which essentially wiped out Johnson’s programs.
Radical Republicans Take Control (cont.)
– This act divided the former Confederacy, except for Tennessee, into five military districts with a Union general placed in charge of each district.
Section 1
– By the end of 1868, six former Confederate states had met all the requirements and were admitted to the Union.
• To prevent Johnson from bypassing Grant or firing Stanton, Congress passed the Command of the Army Act and The Tenure of Office Act.
Radical Republicans Take Control (cont.)
– Determined to challenge the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson fired Stanton.
Military Reconstruction, 1867
Section 1
– Three days later, the House voted to impeach Johnson.
– Johnson was one vote short of conviction and finished his term quietly.
Radical Republicans Take Control (cont.)
• Grant was elected as the next president, and the Republicans retained large majorities in both houses of Congress.
– Realizing the importance of African American voters, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1
Which amendment declares the right to vote “shall not be denied…on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”?
A. The Thirteenth Amendment
B. The Fourteenth Amendment
C. The Fifteenth Amendment
A B C
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Section 2-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Group Action Despite opposition, African Americans took active roles in politics during Reconstruction.
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• carpetbagger
• scalawag
• graft
Academic Vocabulary
• commissioner • comprehensive
A. A
B. B
Section 2-Polling Question
Should the government be allowed to put an end to certain organizations?
A. Yes
B. No
0%0%
Section 2
Republican Rule in the South
During Reconstruction, African Americans organized politically and took part in governing the South.
Section 2
• By late 1870, all the former Confederate states had rejoined the Union under the congressional Reconstruction plan.
• As Reconstruction began, many Northerners moved to the South.
Republican Rule in the South (cont.)
– Southerners, particularly Democratic Party supporters, referred to these newcomers as carpetbaggers because some arrived with suitcases made of carpet fabric.
Section 2
– Many Southerners despised carpetbaggers but also disliked white Southerners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags.
• Within a few remarkable years, many African Americans went from being enslaved laborers to being legislators and administrators working in nearly all levels of government.
Republican Rule in the South (cont.)
Section 2
• The newly elected Republican governments instituted a number of reforms in the South:
– They repealed the black codes and made more state offices elective.
– They established state hospitals and institutions for orphans, the mentally ill, and the hearing and visually impaired.
– They rebuilt roads, railways, and bridges, and funded the construction of new railroads and industries.
Republican Rule in the South (cont.)
Section 2
– They also established a system of public schools.
• Although many Republicans wanted to help the South, others were corrupt.
Republican Rule in the South (cont.)
– Graft was common in both the South and North.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Which group would NOT have joined the scalawags?
A. Former Whigs
B. Owners of small farms
C. Plantation owners
D. Business people who favored Republican plans
Section 2
African American Communities
Reconstruction governments expanded public education to all children, and African Americans built their own churches.
Section 2
• Religion had long played a central role in the lives of many African Americans, and with the shackles of slavery now gone, formerly enslaved people across the South began building their own churches.
African American Communities (cont.)
Section 2
• Once freed, many African Americans immediately sought an education.
– In the 1870s, Reconstruction governments built a comprehensive public school system in the South.
– Several African American academies were established in the South; they grew into an important network of African American colleges and universities.
African American Communities (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
By 1876, which percentage of African American children attended school?
A. 20%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 50%
Section 2
The Ku Klux Klan Forms
Some Southerners hated the “Black Republican” governments and started groups such as the Ku Klux Klan that terrorized African Americans.
Section 2
• Started in 1866 by former Confederate soldiers in Pulaski, Tennessee, the Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly throughout the South.
– Its goal was to drive out the carpetbaggers and the Union troops and to regain control of the South for the Democratic Party.
The Ku Klux Klan Forms (cont.)
Section 2
• In 1870 and 1871, Congress passed three Enforcement Acts to combat the acts of violence in the South.
• The first act made it a federal crime to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote.
• The second put federal elections under the supervision of federal marshals.
• The third act, also known as the Ku Klux Klan Act, outlawed the activities of the Klan.
The Ku Klux Klan Forms (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Of the 3,000 Klan members arrested, how many were convicted by Southern juries?
A. 200
B. 600
C. 1,000
D. 2,000
Section 3-Main Idea
Big Ideas
Economics and Society After Reconstruction the South tried to build a new economy but problems lingered.
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• “sin tax”
• tenant farmer
• sharecropper
• crop lien
• debt peonage
Academic Vocabulary
• outcome • circumstance
Section 3-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify
• Horace Greeley
• “Whiskey Ring”
• Panic of 1873
• Compromise of 1877
• “New South”
A. A
B. B
Section 3-Polling Question
Do you agree with the presidential election process?
A. Agree
B. Disagree
0%0%
Section 3
The Grant Administration
Political scandals and an economic depression tarnished Grant’s presidency.
Section 3
• President Ulysses S. Grant’s lack of political experience helped to divide the Republican Party and to undermine public support for Reconstruction.
• During Grant’s first term in office, the Republican-controlled Congress continued to enforce Reconstruction.
The Grant Administration (cont.)
– At the same time, it expanded the programs it had introduced during the Civil War to promote commerce and industry.
Section 3
– It also kept the “sin taxes” in place in order to help the government pay off the bonds that had been issued to pay for the Civil War.
• Democrats and some Republicans were concerned that men who were in office to make money and sell influence were beginning to dominate the Republican Party.
The Grant Administration (cont.)
– Liberal Republicans left the Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley.
Section 3
– The Democratic Party also nominated Greeley in an effort to defeat Grant.
• Grant still won, but a series of scandals and an economic depression hurt the reputation of his administration.
The Grant Administration (cont.)
– Grant’s secretary of war accepted bribes and then resigned before he could be impeached.
– In 1875 the “Whiskey Ring” scandal broke.
Section 3
• A wave of fear known as the Panic of 1873 spread through the financial community
The Grant Administration (cont.)
Presidential Election of 1876
A. A
B. B
Section 3
Who was in control of the House of Representatives in the 1874 midterm elections?
A. The Democrats
B. The Republicans
0%0%
Section 3
Reconstruction Ends
After Republican Rutherford B. Hayes became president in a disputed election, he removed the last federal troops from the South.
Section 3
• By appealing to white racism and defining elections as a struggle between whites and African Americans, Democrats were able to win back the support of white owners of small farms who had supported Republicans.
• By 1876 the Democrats had taken control of all Southern state legislatures except those in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida.
Reconstruction Ends (cont.)
Section 3
• The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes and the Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden to run in the 1877 presidential election.
– There had been so much election fraud on both sides that no one could tell which candidate had won.
– To resolve the situation, Congress appointed a 15-person commission made up equally of members of the House, the Senate, and the Supreme Court.
Reconstruction Ends (cont.)
Section 3
– Hayes was elected—the outcome is known as the Compromise of 1877.
• In April 1877, Hayes pulled federal troops out of the South.
• Reconstruction was now over.
Reconstruction Ends (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 3
Which of the candidates wanted to end Radical Reconstruction?
A. Rutherford B. Hayes
B. Samuel Tilden
0%0%
Section 3
A “New South” Arises
The postwar South developed more industry, but most people still worked in agriculture.
Section 3
• Many Southern leaders realized the need for a “New South,” or a region with a strong industrial economy.
• Despite its industrial growth, the region remained agrarian.
• The collapse of Reconstruction ended African Americans’ hopes of being granted their own land in the South.
A “New South” Arises (cont.)
Sharecropping in the South, 1880
Section 3
– Many became tenant farmers or sharecroppers.
– Many sharecroppers were in debt and had to deal with crop liens.
– Eventually they would enter a financial condition called debt peonage.
– Although African Americans were technically free, many were still trapped working on plantations.
A “New South” Arises (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
As late as 1900, which percent age of the Southern labor force worked in manufacturing?
A. 2%
B. 6%
C. 15%
D. 30%
VS 1
Plans for Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
• Amnesty for all Southerners who take an oath of loyalty and accept the end of slavery, excluding former Confederate officials
• Once 10 percent had taken the oath, new state governments could be formed
Congressional Plan—The Wade-Davis Bill
• A majority of Southerners must take an oath of loyalty in order for new state governments to form
VS 1
Plans for Reconstruction (cont.)
• Each state must hold a convention to abolish slavery, reject Confederate debts, and deprive former Confederate officials and officers of the right to vote or hold office
Johnson’s Plan
• Amnesty for all Southerners who take an oath of loyalty, excluding former Confederate officers and owners of large amounts of property
• Confederate states must hold a convention to revoke secession and ratify the 13th Amendment
VS 2
The Events of Reconstruction
The White Southern Response
• South elects many former Confederate officials to Congress
• Southern states introduce black codes to restrict African American freedom and force them into labor contracts
• White mobs riot and attack African Americans
• Militant groups, such as the Ku Klux Klan, organize to oppose reconstruction and prevent African Americans from voting
• Southern Democrats slowly regain power by using racism to bring poor white voters back to the Democratic party
VS 2
The Events of Reconstruction (cont.)
Congress
• Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment
• Congress imposes Military Reconstruction, requiring former Confederate states to give the right to vote to all adult males
• Congress passes the Fifteenth Amendment
African Americans
• Freedman’s Bureau and Reconstruction governments build schools enabling formerly enslaved African Americans to get an education
VS 2
The Events of Reconstruction (cont.)
• During Reconstruction, African Americans enter politics in large numbers, holding many political offices in the South
• As Reconstruction ends and the South’s agrarian economy revives, many African Americans become sharecroppers
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Vocab1
amnesty
the act of granting a pardon to a large group of people
Vocab2
pocket veto
indirectly vetoing a bill by letting a session of Congress expire without signing the bill
Vocab3
black codes
laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers
Vocab4
impeach
to formally charge a public official with misconduct in office
Vocab5
requirement
something essential to the existence or occurrence of something else
Vocab6
precedent
an earlier occurrence of something that may serve as a model for similar occurrences in the future
Vocab7
carpetbagger
name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans
Vocab8
scalawag
name given to Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South
Vocab9
graft
the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician
Vocab10
commissioner
the officer in charge of a department or bureau of the public service
Vocab11
comprehensive
covering a broad range of topics
Vocab12
“sin tax”
federal tax on alcohol and tobacco
Vocab13
tenant farmer
farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent either in cash or crops
Vocab14
sharecropper
farmer who works land for an owner who provides equipment and seed and receives a share of the crop
Vocab15
crop lien
obligation placed on a farmer to repay a debt with crops
Vocab16
debt peonage
condition of sharecroppers who could not pay off their debts and, therefore, could not leave the property they worked
Vocab17
outcome
something that follows as a result or consequence
Vocab18
circumstance
a factor in a problem that determines its solution
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