spinal stenosis 2
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Spinal Stenosis
Thomas M. Howard, MD
Sports Medicine
These Patients Consume:
Many appointments Many narcotic medications Many specialty appointments
– Ortho, Pain, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Physical Therapy
TIME!!
Lumbar Spine
Epidemiology
12 mil visits/yr for LBP
3-4% will have spinal stenosis
Usually age >50 Prevalence 1.7-8%
annually
Anatomy Three-joint complex
– Facet joints and disc
Disc complex– Nucleus pulposis and
annulus fibrosis
Ligamentum flavum Nerve roots
Pathophysiology Facet arthropathy and
osteophytic growths Hypertrophy of
ligamentum flavum HNP and disc spurring Degenerative
spondylolithesis Underlying effect is not
mechanical but more decreased CSF flow and local ischemia
Symptoms Post h/o HNP, chronic LBP, surgery, old injury C/o burning, cramping, numbness, tingling or
fatigue Back Pain 95% Leg pain 71%
– 15% thighs only– Often bilateral
Leg weakness 33 % Pseudoclaudication 94% Pain relieved by sitting or lying
Examination ROM
– Full forward flexion without sx
– Limited extension with pain
DTR’s– Usually nl
Strength– EHL (L5), TA (L4),
Peroneals (S1), Gastroc (S1), Quad (L3-4), Hip flexors (L2-3)
Sensory
Examination
Vascular exam– Pulses
• Pop, DP, PT
– Temp– Trophic changes
Consider ABI
Differential Diagnosis
Piriformis Syndrome Trochanteric Bursitis Hip OA Vascular Claudication SI Dysfunction
Radiographs
MRI
CT Myelogram
EMG
Non-operative
Medications Injections Physical Therapy Weight Management Lumbar stabilization and core strengthening Aerobic fitness Activity Modification
– Avoid repetitive bending, lifting, extension activities
Medications Tylenol NSAID’s Narcotics
– Short acting• Vicodin, Percocet, T3,
Demerol, Dilaudid
– Sustained release• MS Contin, Oxycontin,
Methadone, Fentanyl
Glucosamine Chondroitan
Injections
Epidural Steroid Injection– Serial injections 1-3 on
monthly basis
– 24-60% relief
Surgery
Laminectomy– Remove bone between
base of spinous process and facet-pedicle junction
– May require fusion and or posterior plates/screws
Discectomy
Prognosis
Surgery– Metanalysis of 74 studies
• 64% with good to excellent outcomes
– Katz, et al. Spine 1996- 88 pts followed for 7 yrs
• 3-5 yrs 52% free of severe pain, 30% in severe pain, and 17% re-operated
• 7-10 yrs 30% in severe pain and 24% re-operated
Non-surgical– 52% improved @ 4 yrs
Poor Prognostic Factors
Prolonged duration of sx Severe sx Psychosomatic disorders Sphincter disturbances Insurance or medical-legal issues Poor self-assessment of health
Cervical Spine
Epidemiology CSM is most common
spinal disorder in >55 UK 23.6% of 585 pts
with tetraparesis or paresis
Anatomy Similar 3-joint
complex Center of
motion– Flex C 5-6
– Ext C 6-7
Pathophysiology Static compression Dynamic
compression Ischemia Nerve root
compression or cord problems (cervcial cord myelopathy)
Static Compression Disc herniation Osteophytic spurring
– Vertebral body– Zagoapophyseal
joints
Dynamic Compression Cervical
Instability Ligamentum
flavum buckling with extension
Stretching over anterior oseophytes with flexion
Symptoms Neck Pain Crepitus UE motor
(atrophy) or sensory sx
LE spasticity Gait disturbance Bowel/bladder sx
Exam- UE C5-Deltoid, biceps C6- Biceps, wrist
ext C7-elbow ext, wrist
flex, finger ext C8- finger flexors T1-hand intrinsics
Exam-LE Babinski Clonus Hyper-reflexia Spastic gait Abnormal
Rhomberg Lhermitte’s sign
Radiographs Cervical
spondylosis Flex/ext views
MRI Eval functional
reserve and impingement of nerve and cord
R/o myelopathy
Differential Diagnosis Brachial Plexopathy Burner Syndrome ALS MS Polyneuropathy Cervical Spondylosis
Non-surgical Management Medications Injections
– ESI, facet, trigger pts
Activity modification
Posture Strengthening Cervical Traction
Surgical Management Anterior approach Discectomy and
fusion Posterior approach
for more advanced disease for laminectomy and posterior fusion
Outcomes Non-op
– 1/3 improved
– 26% deteriorate
Surgical– 50% at best
Prognostic Indicators Severe preop
neuro def Abn cord signal
or myelomalacia Severity of cord
compression on plain film
Summary & Pearls Abn gait consider cord problems When evaluating cervical discs look at
the LE for UMN signs Surgery is best to be avoided Step-wise approach to pain management Use your Pain Specialist Serial exams Know your myotomes and dermatomes
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