special dates: mpa meeting…6 jul r/v pt sur cruise…14 jul r/v pt sur cruise…25 jul

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions

SPECIAL DATES:SPECIAL DATES:

MPA meeting…6 JulMPA meeting…6 JulR/V Pt Sur Cruise…14 JulR/V Pt Sur Cruise…14 JulR/V Pt Sur Cruise…25 JulR/V Pt Sur Cruise…25 JulExam-1 (definite)...2 AugExam-1 (definite)...2 AugExam-2 (Tentative)…1 SepExam-2 (Tentative)…1 SepLabor Day Holiday...5 SepLabor Day Holiday...5 SepFinal Exam...19 SepFinal Exam...19 Sep

(Sp-226, 1300-1450)(Sp-226, 1300-1450)

EX 1EX 1

OC3230 Calendar, Summer 2005version 7 August 2005

S.D. tripS.D. trip

Distributions of propertiesDistributions of properties(“Taxonomy” of T-S)(“Taxonomy” of T-S)

T: 0-6 ˚CT: 0-6 ˚CS: 34-35 ‰S: 34-35 ‰

TTaveave: 3.5 ˚C: 3.5 ˚C

SSaveave: 34.7 ‰: 34.7 ‰

Mostly “zonal” but withMostly “zonal” but withimportant variationsimportant variations

Vert. Grad >> Horz. GradVert. Grad >> Horz. Grad

Presentation typesPresentation types::

Horizontal maps or Horizontal maps or plan views plan views (contours)(contours)

Vertical ProfilesVertical Profiles

Vertical Sections Vertical Sections (contours)(contours)

75% by75% byvolumevolume

““Summer”Summer”(N.H.)(N.H.)

““Winter”Winter”(N.H.)(N.H.)

Annual range is Annual range is maximum in mid maximum in mid latitudeslatitudes

T follows the sunT follows the sun

follows 1/Tfollows 1/T

S follows ?S follows ? ??

(Zonal) Sea Surface T, (Zonal) Sea Surface T, , S, S

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions (Zonal) Sea Surface Salinity(Zonal) Sea Surface Salinity

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Sea Surface SalinitySea Surface Salinity

““Fresh”Fresh” ““Salty”Salty”

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions TemperatureTemperature

SalinitySalinity

thermoclinethermocline

haloclinehalocline

ProfilesProfiles

pycnoclinepycnocline

DensityDensity

Note how curves join at depth:Note how curves join at depth:Deep water conditions are less variableDeep water conditions are less variableTop-to-bottom contrast is most extreme at the equatorTop-to-bottom contrast is most extreme at the equator

ProfilesProfiles

Seasonal cycle of upper Seasonal cycle of upper ocean temperature in mid ocean temperature in mid latitudeslatitudes

Note: different methods of Note: different methods of displaying the same datadisplaying the same data

50˚N, 145˚W50˚N, 145˚W(“Station P”)(“Station P”)

Profiles and ContoursProfiles and Contours

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Sections-TemperatureSections-Temperature

(Vertical) Temperature section through Atlantic Ocean(Vertical) Temperature section through Atlantic Ocean

Note bowl-shaped isothermsNote bowl-shaped isotherms

Note iso-thermal (constant temperature)Note iso-thermal (constant temperature)conditions at high latitudes, particularly in theconditions at high latitudes, particularly in thesouthern hemispheresouthern hemisphere

Which profile Which profile comes from comes from which latitude?which latitude?

A review:A review:Which section is in situ temperature and which section isWhich section is in situ temperature and which section ispotential temperature, potential temperature, ? ?

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Sections-Temperature & SalinitySections-Temperature & Salinity

FreshFresh SaltySalty??

version from text (note opposite view from west)version from text (note opposite view from west)

T (˚C)T (˚C)

S (‰)S (‰)

AtlanticAtlantic

T (˚C)T (˚C)

S (‰)S (‰)

PacificPacific

S-minS-min S-minS-min

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Sections-Oxygen (ml/l)Sections-Oxygen (ml/l)

AtlanticAtlantic

PacificPacific

““Young”Young”

““Old”Old”

Surface values are ~8 ml/lSurface values are ~8 ml/l

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Sections-WOCE (80s-90s)Sections-WOCE (80s-90s)

The World Ocean Circulation The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE)Experiment (WOCE)

Decade-long, major international Decade-long, major international program to map T-S (and other) program to map T-S (and other) propertiesproperties

Section A-16 along 25W Longitude Section A-16 along 25W Longitude provides a good look at the water provides a good look at the water mass structure of the Atlantic Oceanmass structure of the Atlantic Ocean

Potential TemperaturePotential Temperature

SalinitySalinity

OxygenOxygen

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Other TracersOther Tracers

Known Source FunctionsKnown Source Functions OC DistributionsOC Distributions

Chlorofluorocarbons (e.g., Freon) and their ratiosChlorofluorocarbons (e.g., Freon) and their ratios

Today’s CFC Today’s CFC distributions in the distributions in the Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean

Note the high values in Note the high values in the northeast surface the northeast surface waters consistent with a waters consistent with a deep-water source deep-water source regionregion

Helium and “Bomb” Helium and “Bomb” carbon or heavy water carbon or heavy water (tritium)(tritium)

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Water MassesWater MassesWhat’s going What’s going on?on?

Interleaving Interleaving and mixing and mixing of “water of “water masses” masses” created near created near the surface the surface in particular in particular areasareas

Deepest Deepest layers layers originate originate from far N from far N and S in and S in AtlanticAtlantic

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Water MassesWater Masses

Step 1: SubductionStep 1: Subduction

Step 2: Mixing as water flows Step 2: Mixing as water flows along isopycnals…along isopycnals…

N-S surface gradientN-S surface gradient

verticalverticalgradientgradient

Water Type:Water Type:point on thepoint on theT-S diagramT-S diagramWater Mass:Water Mass:

line on theline on theT-S diagramT-S diagram

Water formed Water formed as a mixture of as a mixture of two water two water types must types must have T-S have T-S values that fall values that fall along the line along the line between the between the two original two original pointspoints

Water formed Water formed as a mixture of as a mixture of three water three water types must types must have T-S have T-S values that fall values that fall within the within the triangle be-triangle be-tween the tween the original pointsoriginal points

Water Type:Water Type:point on thepoint on theT-S diagramT-S diagram

TT SS T-ST-S

***Critical Figure******Critical Figure***

This illustrates This illustrates changes in the changes in the shape of profiles shape of profiles and T-S curves as and T-S curves as mixing occurs mixing occurs between distinct between distinct water typeswater types

The example The example mimics the low-mimics the low-salinity layer salinity layer observed at mid observed at mid depths in the depths in the AtlanticAtlantic

Thermohaline Circulation is Thermohaline Circulation is InferredInferred from fromT-S DistributionsT-S Distributions

***Critical******Critical***

Classic T-S Classic T-S curve curve observed in observed in the S. Atlantic the S. Atlantic OceanOcean

It provides It provides evidence of 4 evidence of 4 different different source water source water typestypes

AAIW: Antarctic Intermediate WaterAAIW: Antarctic Intermediate WaterNADW: North Atlantic Deep WaterNADW: North Atlantic Deep WaterAABW: Antarctic Bottom WaterAABW: Antarctic Bottom Water

Water Masses (< 4˚C)Water Masses (< 4˚C)

World OceanWorld Ocean

Water Masses (< 4˚C)Water Masses (< 4˚C)

World OceanWorld Ocean

IndianIndian

PacificPacific

AtlanticAtlantic

Deep water masses originate from the Southern Ocean Deep water masses originate from the Southern Ocean around Antarctica or from the north Atlantic Ocean.around Antarctica or from the north Atlantic Ocean.

Intermediate waters are dominated by AAIW, which Intermediate waters are dominated by AAIW, which originates along the subpolar front in the Southern Oceanoriginates along the subpolar front in the Southern Ocean

Value and depth of the Value and depth of the salinity minimum layers in salinity minimum layers in the Atlantic Oceanthe Atlantic Ocean

Evidence for northward Evidence for northward spreading of AAIW with a spreading of AAIW with a concentration of flow concentration of flow along the western along the western boundaryboundary AAIWAAIW

Surface water masses are many and have T-S Surface water masses are many and have T-S characteristics of the regioncharacteristics of the region

Mediterranean OutflowMediterranean Outflow

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions Thermohaline “Conveyor Belt”Thermohaline “Conveyor Belt”

ThermohalineThermohalinecirculationcirculationinfluencesinfluencesand buffersand buffersthe climatethe climatesystemsystemthrough thethrough theslow circula-slow circula-tion of thetion of thedeep currentsdeep currentsand theand theexchange between surface and deep water that takes place exchange between surface and deep water that takes place over several thousand yearsover several thousand years

Chap 7-8: DistributionsChap 7-8: Distributions O.T.E.C.O.T.E.C.

concept systemconcept system

closedclosedsystemsystem

openopensystemsystem

special dates: mpa meeting…6 jul r/v pt sur cruise…14 jul r/v pt sur cruise…25 jul

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