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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Solar CoolingAgenda
Introduction
Thermodynamic Basics
Sorption Chilling Processes
Project Approach
06/06/2013 2
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
BarbadosGeography
06/06/2013 4
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Location: Carribean, North Atlantic Ocean, NE ofVenezuela
Area: 450 km²
Coastline: 97 km
Land use:arable land: 37.21% permanent crops: 2.33% other: 60.46%
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, natural gas
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
BarbadosPeople, Society, Economy
06/06/2013 5
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Language: Englisch
Population: 283,733 inhabitants
Capital: Bridgetown (80,000 inhabitants)
GDP - official exchange rate: US$ 4.4 billion
GDP – composition by sector:agriculture: 3.4% (sugarcane, vegetables, cotton)industry: 13.4% (light manufacturing)services: 83.2% (tourism)
Unemployment rate: 12%
Public debt: 103.9% of GDP
Inflation rate: 7.4%
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
BarbadosClimate
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
BarbadosEnergy Supply
Electricity production:
heavy fuel oil: 82%
diesel: 18%
fuel is imported – high degree of volatility in the market
extensive use of solar water heaters SWH
no domestic heating – solely hot water needed
06/06/2013 7
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Spring Garden Generating Station: 51MW
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
BarbadosEnergy Supply
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Exchange Rates
1 BBD = 0.50 USD1 USD = 2 BBD
1 BBD = 0.38 EUR1 EUR = 2.60 BBD
Electricity Prices (400 kWh per month)
Barbados Light and Power109.26 EUR 1 kWh = 0.27 EUR
Stadtwerke Flensburg100.67 EUR1 kWh = 0.25 EUR
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Thermodynamic Basics
Evaporative Cooling
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06/06/2013 10
The Bādgir ofDowlat-abad in Yazd is one of thetallest airscoops
Fidel
Wind directionWind
Wind collector
Exhaust
Cooled cellar
Low pressure
Air flowFlowing water Chilling by convection and evaporation
Airflow into the Quanat
ground
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
• Puls transmission:Δ𝐺 𝑖 = 2𝑚𝑣𝑥𝑖
Thermodynamic BasicsEvaporative Cooling
06/06/2013 11
Not evaporating
Evaporating
Δ𝐺 𝑡 𝑜 𝑡𝑎 𝑙
∆ 𝑡< p ∙ A
Δ𝐺 𝑡 𝑜 𝑡𝑎 𝑙
∆ 𝑡> p ∙ A
Fidelmolecule
molecule
2𝑚 𝑣 𝑥 𝑖
Δ 𝑡
p ∙ A = F
molecule
p ∙ A = F
2𝑚 𝑣 𝑥 𝑖
Δ 𝑡
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Thermodynamic BasicsWater Phases
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Thermodynamic Basics
Water Phases
06/06/2013 13
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
The total pressureof a systemisgivenby𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑠
Thermodynamic BasicsWater Phases
06/06/2013 14
Pressure = F/A
Vacuum
Time = ∞video
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
sorption chilling processessystem overview
thermal chilling
sorption chilling
open cycle
adsoption
absorption
closed cycle
adsorption
absorption
thermo-mechanical
chilling
Rankline-process
steam jet process
schukey motor
06/06/2013 16
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
open sorption chilling processesadsorption
06/06/2013 17
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
open sorption chilling processesadsorption
06/06/2013 18
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
open sorption chilling processesadsorption
06/06/2013 19
sou
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
open sorption chilling processesabsorption
06/06/2013 20
sou
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Men
erga
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
closed sorption chilling processesadsorption
06/06/2013 21
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
closed sorption chilling processesadsorption
06/06/2013 22
sou
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h A
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
closed sorption chilling processesadsorption
06/06/2013 23
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h A
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
closed sorption chilling processesabsorption
06/06/2013 24
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
sorption chilling processesannual electricity costs
06/06/2013 25
conventional chilling solar chilling
Office building size in m² 250
Refrigeration load in Wh/m²d 200
Refrigeration load of the office in kWh/a
18 250
Seasonal performance factor 5 - 6 10 - 13
Electricity needed in kWh/a 3650 1825
Electricity cost in Euros 1 254 561
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Project ApproachContacts
06/06/2013 27
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Project ApproachContacts
06/06/2013 28
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Project ApproachContacts
06/06/2013 29
Tom Rogers, PHDProfessorRenewable Energy Management
Prof Sir Hilary BecklesPrincipal UWI
Ruall HarrisFormer Permanent Secretary in the Ministry
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Project ApproachSWOT Analysis
strengths
know-how
contacts
weaknesses
distance
opportunities
climate conditions
power price
threats
scale of technology
price
missing experts
06/06/2013 30
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Project ApproachOutlook
06/06/2013 31
Status Quo
• James Husband (solar heater supplier)
• Tom Rogers (ambitious to support the project)
• Tony Gill (Hipac, company which is interested)
Next steps
• Design of a suitable cooling system (missing information from Hipac)
• More detailed ecomicalcalculation (details of the system configuration required)
Next semester
• Travel to Barbados
• Support of INEES funds
• Master Thesis UWI
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Thermodynamic BasicsEquations
• Force:F = Δ𝐺𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
∆𝑡= p ∙ A
• Equationofstate:p = m ∙ 𝑅𝑠
𝑉∙ T
• Watervapourpressure:pwvp = f ∙ p sd= p(p s d = 31,7mbar (25°), f= relative airmoisture)
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06/06/2013 33
solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
Thermodynamic BasicsSaturation of Water Vapor
06/06/2013 34
Go
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solar coolingJohannes Pelda ● Rasmus Borrmann
closed sorption chilling processespros and cons
06/06/2013 35
open closed
adsorption absorption adsorption absorption
+ air conditioningpossible
+ low driving heat temperature
+ every heat useable
+ low driving heat temperature
+ non-hazardous coolant
- size and weight
- contamination of sorbent
- no storage of coldness
+ air conditioningpossible
+ low driving heat temperature
+ every heat useable
+ storage of coldness
- size and weight
- odor and material transmission
+ cold water
+ independent from ambient air humiditiy
- expensive
- lower COP
+ low temperature coldness possible
+ part load performance
- expensive
- danger of cristallisation
- ammoniac hazardous
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