soil, components and its nutrient.ppt
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SOIL ANALYSIS
COMPOSITION OF SOILCOMPOSITION OF SOIL• Inorganics (> 95%): minerals
– O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mn, trace heavy metals
• Organics (< 5%)– Protein, fat, CH2O (10-15% of soil organics) – Humus (85-90% of soil organics)– Pesticide, PAH (trace contaminants)
• Water (soil solution)– Cation, anions, ions in hydrolyzed / complexed form –
extracted form – bioavailable analytes
• Air (35% of soil volume, =0.35)– 21% O2, 0.03% CO2
FeS
S2-
FeOOH
Fe3+
Solid phase of soil
Water solution of soil
SOLID PHASE VS WATER SOLUTION OF SOILSOLID PHASE VS WATER SOLUTION OF SOIL
Cu:
Cu2+, Cu+, Cu-humic acid, Cu-fulvic acid, Cu
Important Soil Properties• Physical properties
• Soil Particle Size and Texture• Soil Density & Porosity• Permeability (hydraulic conductivity)
• Chemical properties• Total vs. extractable elements• CEC and soil charge (soil is commonly considered to have negative
charges)• Soil pH• Organic matter• Soil inorganic ions and chelates (functional groups) in soil organics:
NH2, -OH, -COO-, -C=O, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, OH-
Physical Properties of Sediment
•Texture (% sand, clay and ash)
• Water content
• Density
• Porosity
Location
weight
Porosity Water content Sand Ash Clay
Classcontent density
g/cm3 % cm3/cm3 %
A 1,0 2,6 61,0 0,61 72 17 11 Sandy clay
B 1,0 2,6 61,0 0,61 72 16 12 Sandy clay
C 1,1 2,6 62,0 0,62 70 16 14 Sandy clay
Chemical Properties of Sediment
• pH (water and KCl 1N)
• Organic matter
• C organic
• Humic acid
• Fulvic acid
• Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC)
• Total heavy metals / extractable metals
• Phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, manganese, iron, sulphide
• Redox potential
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Heavy Metals Fractions(Sequential extraction)
a. ELFE (easily leachable and freely exchangeable): Metals fractions which are weakly attached in the surface
of sediment by Van der Walls force.
b. AR (acid reduction) Metal fractions which are adsorbed on the Fe and Mn
oxide/hydroxide in sediment.
c. OO (organic oxidation) Metals which are attached by humic/fulvic acid
d. RF (resistant fraction) Metals which are strongly attached inside of lattice
mineral.
0.0000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
1.2000
Con
sent
ratio
n (m
g/L)
E L E F A R OO F R
P b
C u
Zn
Soil NutrientsSoil Nutrients
Nutrients Plants Acquire From Air And Water
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen
The Primary Nutrients
• Nitrogen (N)• Potassium (K)• Phosphorus (P)
Functions Of Primary Nutrients And Deficiency Symptoms
• Nitrogen (N): most important nutrient besides water; determines rate of growth• deficiency symptom: yellowing of leaves
• Phosphorous (P): required during germination and fruit/seed formation• Deficiency symptoms: stunted growth; purple-colored
leaves• Potassium (K): regulatory
• Deficiency symptoms: inhibited growth; spotty leaves
The Secondary Nutrients
Calcium Ca) Sulfur (S) Magnesium (Mg)
The Micronutrients
• Boron (B)• Chlorine (Cl)• Copper (Cu)• Iron (Fe)• Manganese (Mn)• Molybdenum (Mo)• Zinc (Zn)
The 16 Essential Nutrients• Boron• Calcium• Carbon• Chlorine• Copper• Hydrogen• Iron• Magnesium
ManganeseMolybdenumNitrogenOxygenPhosphorusPotassiumSulfurZinc
Non-essential Nutrients That Need To Be Considered
• Iodine• Cobalt• Silicon
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