sociology chapter 8 culture

Culture

Culture

Cultureثقافدانشمند / ت

سمجھدار ثقف

CultureKultur

باڑی کھیتی

CultureBeliefArtMoralLawCustomCapabilitiesHabit

CultureHerskovits: Man made part of environment.

Linton: The Culture is social heredity which is transmitted from one generation to other with the accumulation of individual experiences.

Beals/ hoijer: The totality of design for living practiced by man at all pleases and time. Within all the time and space a culture is the made of activities which differentiates the people of one society from another.

CultureLowis: The whole of social tradition, which resembles in sense with Linton’s attitude on the point. Culture is the continually changing patterns of learned behavior and the products of learned behavior including attitude, values, knowledge and material objects.

Nadel: The integrated totality of standardized behavior patters.

Krober: The mass of learned and transmitted motor reaction: habits, techniques, ideas and values and the behavior the indict.

CultureCharacteristics

Culture is LearntCulture is SocialCulture is SharedCulture is TransmissiveCulture is Continuous and cumulativeCulture is consistent and integrated Culture is dynamic and adaptiveCulture is gratifying Culture is varies from SocietyCulture is Super organic and ideational

CultureElements

NormsValues Beliefs

CultureTypes

Real CultureIdeal CultureMaterial CultureNon Material Culture

CultureFunctions

Culture is the Treasury of Knowledge. Culture Defines Situations.Culture Decides our Career.Culture Provides Behavior Pattern.Culture Moulds Personality.

CultureOrganization

Cultural PatternCultural TraitCultural ComplexCultural Area

CultureConcepts

Cultural UniversalsCultural Specialties Cultural Alternatives

CultureConcepts

Sub-CultureSindhi, Punjabi, Balochi, urdu & Pashto or Pakhto

Base of SubcultureRegional, Ethnic, Cast, Urban, Rural, Occupation,

CultureUniformities

1. Family Life2. Marriage3. Language4. Inheritance5. Housing6. Clothes and utensils7. Education8. Economic System9. Profession10. Political System11. Religious Beliefs12. Normative order

CultureVariabilities

• Types of Family• Matriarchal, Patriarchal, Matrilocal, Patrilocal • Neolocal, Matrilineal and Patrilineal • Types of Marriage• Monogamy, Polyandry, Levirate and Sororate • Custom of Marriage• Church, Court, Masjid, Mohalla and shadi hall • Cultural Values• Religious Attitude • Different Political System

CultureVariabilities

• Law of Inheritance • Settlement • Types of Language • Style of Dress• Modes of Cultivation • System of Education

CultureVariabilities / Similarities

1. The geographical environment of societies differ from one another,2. The Social need of the societies differ from one another.3. The capacity of learning differs in all societies.4. The material available among the societies is different in nature and

extent.5. The cultural value beliefs, sentiment and attitudes which from core

of the culture vary in all the societies.6. The techniques of life available to people differ due to different

systems of technology taught in the societies.7. The Education system and the material included in courses of

teaching differs among all the societies

CultureEthnocentrism

Every Culture considers itself superior to other

cultures

عصبیت

CulturePositive Effects of Ethnocentrism

1. It encourages social solidarity in group and in society by which the forces of co-operation become stronger.

2. It provides protection to group members by creating sense of belonging among them those members who are weak, poor, hopeless and helpless are encouraged by joining hand of ethnocentrism with them. It means it provides compensation to the people of low status.

3. It promotes nationalism and patriotism among the members of society because it stimulates the spirit of belonging to the society and culture claiming superiority to others.

4. Caste, biradri and consanguine groups develop by ethnocentrism in which marriage and other social relations are facilitated.

CultureNegative Effects of Ethnocentrism

1. Ethnocentrism creates tight boundaries among various social groups, The Inter-group relations are hampered due to prejudice against one another. The prices if social relations among various groups gets slower.

2. The prejudice create by ethnocentrism creates conflict and tension among various groups. The social forces of cooperation face problems in their operation.

CultureNegative Effects of Ethnocentrism

3. Ethnocentrism limits an individual in a small social group to which he belongs. He remains within the limits of the group and is not influenced by the general social changes happening around him in the society. He remain backward in sense by this way and adopts little changes. Sometimes even he preached against modern social changes. It means it discourages culture change among the people

4. The prejudice create by ethnocentrism creates conflict and tension among various groups. The social forces of cooperation face problems in their operation.