soap and detergent 2

Soap and Detergent

By group 5Arif Saeful Rakhmat

Nadea Kharisma FauziahErviani Rahmawati Kurnia

Resta Ratnaningsih

HISTORY OF DETERGENT

• The first detergent produced: lauril sodium sulfate (NSL) (expensive production process)

• Detergents by using alkyl benzene sulfonat (ABS) (ABS molecules can not be solved by microorganisms)

• Linear alkyl sulfonat (LAS) (biodegradable but can form a phenol)

• Fritz Gunther in 1916, German scientists discovered a synthetic surfactants in detergents

The types of detergent

Based on the organic compounds they contain1.Anionic detergents (DAI)       The main group of Anionic detergents are:    a.Long chain (fatty) alcohol sulfate    b.Alkyl aryl sulfonat    c. Sulfate and olefins sulfonat

The types of detergent

2. Cationic detergentThe main group of cationic detergents are:a. Amine acetate (RNH3) OOCCH3 (R = 8 to 12 atoms C)b.Trimethyl alkyl ammonium chloride (RN (CH3)) 3 + (R = 8 to 18 carbon atoms)c. Dialkil dimethyl ammonium chloride (R2N (CH3) 2) + Cl-(R = 8 to 18 carbon atoms)d. Lauril dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (R2N (CH3) 2CH2C2H6) Cl

The types of detergent

3. Non-ionic detergent.The main group of non-ionic detergents are:  a.Ethylene oxide or propylene oxide  b.Polymer polioksistilen     HO (CH2CH2O) a (CHCH2O) b (CH2CH2O) cH                                 CH3  c. Alkyl amide     HOCHCH3NH2-HOOCC17O38                       R

The types of detergent

• 4.Ampoteric Detergent

    The main groups of these detergents are: a.Sodium lauril sarkosilat          CH3 (CH2) 10CH2NHCH2CH2CH2COONa b. Sodium mirazol22C CH

N

N

R-CCH2CH2OH

CH2COONa

CH2

Based on usability:1.Fabric washing detergents, containing alkyl alcohol etoksilat and fenoletoksilat2.Dishwashing detergents contain substances such as hand dishwashing detergent3.Detergents household cleaners containing ammonium chloride hexa dekiltrimetil4.Industrial cleaning detergents contain substances such as household cleaning detergents5.Teeth cleaning detergents that contain sodium lauril sarkosionat6.Detergents containing fabric softener diokta dekildimetil ammonium chloride

Raw Materials of detergent

• Detergent Anionik1. Alcohol sulphate obtained from the whale's body alcohol sulfate + alkali saturated fatty

2. alcohols and unsaturated Alkyl aryl sulfonat

3. Sulfate and olefins sulfonat    Processed in three ways:a. Oxo ProcessRCH2CH2CHO                                                    co-catalyst aldehydesa.1 R - CH = CH2 + CO + H2 CH3                                                  100-250 atm RCH2CHCHO                                                   160-1750C                                                                                     Nia.2. R - R CH2CH2CHO + H2 - CH2CH2CH2O                                                                        alkohol22

b. Alfol Process (Ziegar Process) Reaction: b.1. 2 (C2H5)3Al + Al + 3/2 H2 3(C2H5)2AlH

b.2.3 (C2H5)2AlH + Al + 3 CH2=CH2 3(C2H5)3Al

R’

• b.3. 3 (C2H5)3Al + Al + n CH2 R-Al R’ R”

b.4 . R-Al + O2 CnH2n+1OH + Al(OH)3

• R”

H2O

• Non-ionic detergent Ethylene Oxide a.Hydrophobic groups of ethylene oxide +

150-220 ° C Results (neutralized sulfuric acid and glacial acetic acid.)

b. Amine oxideManufacturing process by oxidizing amine tetriari

• Amphoterik Detergent

Reaksi : lauril amina + metil akrilat sodium lauril sarkosinat

CH3(CH2)10CH2NH2 + CH2=CHCOOCH3

CH3(CH2)10CH2NHCH2CH2- COOCH3

NaOH -CH3OH

CH3(CH2)10CH2NHCH2CH2COON

sodium lauril sarkosinat

Manufacturing Detergent

Step 1 - Slurry makingThe solid and liquid raw ingredients aredropped into a large tank known as a slurry mixer. As the ingredients are added the mixture heats up as a result of two exothermic reactions: the hydration of sodium tripolyphosphate and the reaction between caustic soda and linear alkylbenzenesulphonic acid. The mixture is then further heated to 85oC and stirred until it forms a homogeneous slurry.

Manufacturing Detergent

• Step 2 - Spray dryingThe slurry is deaerated in a vacuum chamber and then separated by an atomiser into finely

divided droplets. These are sprayed into a column of air at 425⁰C, where they dry instantaneously. The resultant powder is known as ’base powder’, and its exact treatmentfrom this point on depends on the product being made.

Manufacturing Detergent

• Step 3 - Post dosingOther ingredients are now added, and the air blown through the mixture in a fluidiser to mix them into a homogeneous powde

WORKING MECHANISM of DETERGENT

• How it works influenced by the type of detergent and water waste used

• The molecular structure consists of the detergents that are polar head and the tail of non-polar.

• Detergent as emulgator.• Detergen as suspansion agent.

Surfactants and Builders

• Surface active agent• Consists of two parts namely the nature of

polar head and the tail of non-polar.• Substances that can stabilize or

suspension bind nonpolar molecules in water C.

• Surfactants consisting of     * Cationic Surfactant      * Anionic Surfactant      * Surfactant Non-Ionic      * Amfoteric Surfactant

SURFACTANTS

 In dilute solution, the surfactants do not form any particular structure. As the concentration is increased, however, the amphiphiles condense into well defined structures.

SURFACTANT

The most readily formed structure is micelles, where the surfactants hide the hydrophobic tails inside a sphere, leaving only the water-soluble ionic heads exposed to solution.

SURFACTANT At higher concentration, surfactants can also form elongated columns that pack into hexagonal arrays. The columns have hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic surfaces. The columns are separated from one another by water.

SURFACTANT

At extremely high concentration (neat soap), the surfactants crystallize into a lamellar structure, with elongated sheets separated by thin water layers. The structure is very reminiscent of the lipid bilayers seen in biological systems.

Cationic Surfactant

• When ionized in solution to form a positive charge Used for clothes softener Example: Ammonium compounds kuarterner.

Anionic Surfactant• When ionized in solution to form a

negative charge• Good cleaning power•  Generally produces a lot of foam•  For example: Alcohol etoksisulfat, alkyl

sulfate

Non-Ionic Surfactant

• Not ionized in solution so that no electric charge

• Sadah resistant to water and to clean up well

• Foam produced little• Example: alcohol ethoxylate

Amphoteric Surfactant

• Have the ability to positively charged• negatively or uncharged in solution,• depending on the pH of the water• Example: imidazolin, betaines

Builders

Other content is important to be able to improve the efficiency of surfactant .Its main function reduce water hardnessHow to reduce water hardness by1.binding 2.sedimentation 3.ion exchange

Additional detergent ingredientsNo Additional matterial Function

1 Sodium tripolyphsophate (STP),Sodium metasilikat

Water softener, pH buffer (to reduce alkalinity).

2 Sodium sulphate Bulking and free-flowing agent

3 Zeolite Water softener (absorbs Ca2+ and Mg2+) incontries where STP is not used; granulating agentfor concentrated detergents.

4 Hidrogen peroksida Bleach

5 Sodium hipoklorid Bleach clothing

6 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Increases the negative charge on cellulosic fibressuch as cotton and rayon, causing them to repeldirt particles (which are positively charged).

EMULSION OF WATER/OIL

Due Surfactant

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-

C

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- (decomposes slowly)

SO3Na

C

SO3Na

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-

C

SO3Na

SO3Na

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-

C

C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- (decomposes rapidly)

C

SO3Na

SO3Na

Advantages of Detergents

– Synthetic detergents clean effectively and lather well even in hard water and salt water (sea water). There is no scum formation.

– Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic.

– Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.

– They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.

– As detergents are derived from petroleum they save on natural vegetable oils, which are important as essential cooking medium

Disadvantages of Detergents

Detergents are surface-active agents and cause a variety of water pollution problems.

• Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by the usual treatments is a problem.

• They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that extend over several hundred meters of the river water. This is due to the effects of surfactants used in their preparation. Thus they pose a danger to aquatic life.

• They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic substances present in wastewaters because they form a sort of envelope around them.

Disadvantages of Detergents• Accumulation in the body:  Liver function lowers; the liver loses

color and begins to show freckles. • Strong removal of fat:  Causes skin disease by infecting with germs

and mold.• Used in Shampoo:  Makes hair thin; causes decoloration and hair

loss. • "Eutrophication":  Laundry detergent causes ecological damage by

depleting oxygen in waterways.  Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies, such as lakes, estuaries, or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth (algae, periphyton-attached algae, and nuisance-plants weeds). This enhanced plant growth, often called an algal bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water when dead plant material decomposes and can cause other organisms to die. Nutrients can come from many sources, such as fertilizers applied to agricultural fields, golf courses, and suburban lawns; deposition of nitrogen from the atmosphere; erosion of soil containing nutrients; and sewage treatment plant discharges