seminar in economic policy presentation

Seminar in Economic Policy PresentationSeminar in Economic Policy Presentation

Presented to:Mr. Mazhar Khan

Presented by:Tahira Hassan- 6062Saima Hussain- 5537Mariam Mamsa-

Social Sector DevelopmentSocial Sector Development

Social Sector DevelopmentSocial Sector Development

Education Sector

Education system in PaksitanEducation system in Paksitan

• There are five levels of education in Pakistan:• Primary (grades 1 through 5)• Middle (grades 6 through 8)• High/secondary (grades 9 & 10)• Intermediate ( grades 11 & 12)• University

Stats pertaining to PakistanStats pertaining to Pakistan

• Overall literacy rate of Pakistan is 56% out of which male & female literacy rate is 63% and 36% respectively

• Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in the country of 72.38% whereas Musa Khel has the lowest rate at 10.37%

• Enrollment rate is 87.3% for primary, 44% for secondary and 4.6% for post secondary education across the country.

• Statistics also testify low profile of Pakistan in education. It stands fifth in SAARC and comes after Maldives, Srilanka, India and Bhutan because of its fragile literacy rate.

• Pakistan is among those twelve countries of the world which are spending less than 2% of GDP on education, whereas, countries like USA, UK, Japan and Italy are spending more than 5% of GDP on education.

Stats contd..Stats contd..• Illiterate population has increased from 22 million in 1961 to

48 million by 2005. It is feared that by 2015, illiterate population in Pakistan may rise to 52 million

• Literacy rates in the urban area is 71% whereas in the rural area it is 49%. 69% for men and 44% for women.

• There are currently 0.23 million institutions in the country with 33.38 million students enrolled and a teaching staff of 1.35 million

• Public sector: 0.15 million institutions to catering to 22 million students & offers employment to 0.723 million teaching staff

• Private sector: 0.08 million institutions catering to 12 million students & employing 0.632 million teaching staff

Statistical Measures in Education SectorStatistical Measures in Education Sector

• Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER)- gives a rough estimation of education level from kindergarten to postgraduate level

• Number of students in all levels regardless of age as a percentage of population of official school age

• Net Enrollment Ratio- Net enrollment is the number of students enrolled in a level of education who belong in the relevant age group, as a percentage of the population in that age group.

Stats..Stats..

• Total primary Net Enrolment Ratio is 66% which considerably lower than 86% of regional average

• Secondary Gross enrolment ratio is 30% which is only half of the developing countries’ average of 60% and lower than regional average of 51%

• Our tertiary GER is only 4.5% whereas the regional average is more than double of our figure of 11%

• Pakistan has the third largest number of out-of-school children of 6.8 m

Higher Education CommissionHigher Education Commission

• Charter granted to 28 new universities both public and private

• Enrolment has gone up by 124% since 2002 to 2008• There is a narrowing gender gap due to providing equal

opportunity for education to females and males

Male & female gap in higher educationMale & female gap in higher education

Education expenditure as a % of GDPEducation expenditure as a % of GDP

Statistics relating to PakistanStatistics relating to Pakistan

Education for All- Global Monitoring Education for All- Global Monitoring UNESCO report 2008UNESCO report 2008

Country Expenditure as a percentage of GDP in 2008

Pakistan

India 3.8%

Maldives 7.5%

Iran 4.7%

Nepal 3.4%

China 2.82%

•only 11 per cent of the total education budget is allocated for the higher education sector.

•Public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public spending is close to 8% only and Pakistan ranks among the bottom 5 countries of the world

Criticisms of education system in pakistanCriticisms of education system in pakistan

• More funds are spent by the HEC on purchase of scientific equipment which is kept locked up. Alternatively funds must be utilized on training Pakistan’s scientists

• Severe gender disparity in enrollment levels• Resource allocations- defense, general administration & debt

servicing, external borrowing takes precedence

Criticisms continuedCriticisms continued

Primary schooling

Middle Schooling

Secondary Schooling

College

1990-91 0.47 0.42 0.4 0.5

1999-2000 0.74 0.68 0.67 0.81

Female/Male literacy ratio

Key challenges for PakistanKey challenges for Pakistan

• According to a recent World Bank report, the literacy rate has jumped from 45% to 54% from 2002 to 2006

• Net primary enrollment has increased from 42% to 52%• Participation rates remain the lowest in south Asia. Vast male;

female, urban rural disparities• Only 22% of girls complete primary education compared with

47% boys• School drop out rates at secondary levels are alarming. Only

30% Pakistani children receive secondary education and 19% attend upper secondary schools

Global trends affecting educationGlobal trends affecting education

•Demography•Urbanization•Migration•Health•Economic & Political systems

Ministry of Education statsMinistry of Education stats

MOE stats contd…MOE stats contd…

Education For All- Goals to be achieved by Education For All- Goals to be achieved by 20152015

• Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education

• Ensuring that by 2015 all children particularly girls have access to, and complete free and compulsory primary education

• Ensuring that learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning & life skills programs

• Achieving a 50% improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015

• Eliminating gender disparities in primary & secondary education by 2005 and achieving gender equality in education by 2015

• Achieving recognized and measurable learning outcomes especially in literacy, innumeracy and essential life skills.

Participation in Pre Primary EducationParticipation in Pre Primary Education

Pupil Teacher Ratios region wisePupil Teacher Ratios region wise

Region wise drop outsRegion wise drop outs

GERs & NERsGERs & NERs

Literacy rate comparisons among males Literacy rate comparisons among males and femalesand females

Public expenditure on education as % of Public expenditure on education as % of GNPGNP

Public expenditure on education by Public expenditure on education by Income GroupIncome Group

HealthHealth

HealthHealth

• Basic infrastructure and sanitation• Mortality Rate• Malnourishment• Health Care Facilities

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and Sanitation

• Only 40% of population used improved sanitation facilities in 2006 in the rural areas

• Municipal sewage is a major source of pollution • Drinking water recourses

– Well water– River water– Bottled water

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and Sanitation

Water Consumption

69%

23%

8%

Agriculture

Industry

Domestic uses

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and Sanitation

Water Issues• Water logging and salinity (due to

irrigation)• Punjab province draws its major

share of drinking water from the natural ground water aquifer

• According to WHO, groundwater of Lahore up to 700-ft deep has been seriously contaminated and should not be used for human consumption 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Now

1992

1989

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and Sanitation

SANITATION• About 2 million wet tonnes of human excreta are annually

produced in the urban sector of which around 50% go into water bodies to pollute them

• In Pakistan, drinking water supply lines and open sewage drains in the streets are laid side by side

• 9000 million gallons of wastewater having 20,000 tons of BOD5 loading are daily discharged into water bodies from the industrial sector

• Excessive and uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides promotes contaminated agricultural run off

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and Sanitation

• The WHO reports that 25-30% of all hospital admissions are connected to water borne bacterial and parasitic conditions, with 60% of infant deaths caused by water infections

• Extreme pollution of river Ravi has destroyed the once existing 42 species of fish and the bird life around the river has migrated to other areas

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and SanitationSolution

• WWF has focused its attention on the issues of urban and industrial pollution.

• It provides assistance to the industrial sector in reducing polluted discharges into air, water and soil.WWF-Pakistan enhances capacity of industrial sector so that they can implement environmental solutions.

• Training workshops have been organized on the subjects of industrial waste management and waste minimization technology.

• To promote environmental awareness of water pollution issues, a water pollution monitoring kit (mobile laboratory) was developed by WWF and launched in the four provinces of Pakistan. The kit is easy to use and is fabricated using cost effective material. It is capable of monitoring 14 pollutants.

Infrastructure and SanitationInfrastructure and Sanitation

MISSING FACILITIS• 46% of Pakistanis still do not have access to acceptable toilet facilities • Only 54% of this Pakistan's population has latrine and toilet facilities

(Pakistan Federal Ministry, March 2006)

Toilet Facilities

70%

30%

Urban

Rural

Mortality RateMortality Rate

Reasons for Mortality Rate• Mother and Child care

– 297 deaths for every 100,000 live births – 10,400 maternal deaths annually– 80% of occurring maternity deaths are preventable

• Diseases (diarrhea, malaria, TB, cancer, goiter, intestinal and skin diseases)

• High Population Growth Rate• Lack of facilities

Infant Mortality RateInfant Mortality Rate

• In 2000, the infant mortality rate was 83 per 1,000 live births• Life expectancy at birth in 2007 was said to be 65 years by UNICEF• National Conservation Strategy (NCS) states that almost 40% of deaths are

related to water borne diseases

13290

0

100

200

Infant Mortality Rate (under 5 years of age)

1990 2007

Mortality Rate – Developing CountriesMortality Rate – Developing Countries

68.64

16.01

32.31

21.1616.39

57.45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1

Pakistan

Srilanka

India

China

Malaysia

Bangladesh

2008

Mortality Rate – Developing CountriesMortality Rate – Developing Countries

4.93

6.3

4.03

5.08

3.36

4.41

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7United Kingdon

United States

Germany

Canada

France

Australia

2008

MalnourishmentMalnourishment

17%

19%

16%

17%

18%

19%

1 2

Countires

Malnourishment rate

Developing Nations

Pakistan

MalnourishmentMalnourishment

• 30% of malnourished population in Pakistan consists of children under 5 years of age

• The number of undernourished people in Pakistan had reached 45 million (UN WFP)

• 26 million in the early 1990s • Problem increased due to food shortages and high prices• United Nations World Food Programme in collaboration with

many companies in Pakistan is working towards this cause• Government looking into subsidizing food items

Health Care FacilitiesHealth Care Facilities

• Doctor patient Ratio: (as of 2007)

1:1,225• Only 62,651 nurses all over the nation• 96,000 Lady Health Workers (primary heath care providers) • As per World Health Organization, Pakistan's total health

expenditures amounted to 3.9% of GDP in 2005• Per capita health expenditures were US$49 • The government provided 24.4% of total health expenditures

(with the remainder being entirely private, out-of-pocket expenses)

GDP % Spend on Health in PakistanGDP % Spend on Health in Pakistan

Years

1%4%

24.40%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Years

1993 1999 2005

EmpowermentEmpowerment

EmpowermentEmpowerment

• Economic empowerment through– Education– Entrepreneurship– Women empowerment

Economic Empowerment throughEconomic Empowerment throughEducationEducation

• Scholarships• State Grants• Financial Aid• Loans

• Government Schools• Private Schools• NGO networks (TCF, ITA)

Economic Empowerment throughEconomic Empowerment through EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

• Cottage industry– The small industrial sector in Pakistan currently employs

80 percent of the total workforce and contributes 40 percent in the country's Gross Domestic Product (WTO)

– SME include cutlery, apparel, bed-wear & bed-linen, bicycles, blankets, canvas & canvas products, ceramics, cotton & ginning, curtain & furnishing, dairy, electric fans, finished leather, fisheries sector, footwear, ceramics & made-up, gems & jewelry, leather garments, leather gloves, leather goods, leather industry, marble & granite, spinning, surgical, textile weaving, towels & terry products, table linen and wooden furniture.

Economic Empowerment throughEconomic Empowerment through EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

• Business loans and grants– By government– By Banks

• Sustainable development– Developing skills and talent– Example: Sehat First

Economic Empowerment throughEconomic Empowerment through Women EmpowermentWomen Empowerment

• Education– Women scholarships by Government and private sector– Encouragement (TCF)

• Skills and Talent– Training

PovertyPoverty

The poor are seen as a liability, not as an active part of the solution. They are, at best, placed at the mercy

of the providence of the rich or some handouts by the government

Back GroundBack Ground

Up to the late 1970s South Asia, which includeseight countries

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistanand Sri Lanka—was known for conflict, violence and widespread

and extreme poverty.

South Asia’s in the 1980’s opened up markets to internationalcompetition, replaced the public Sector with the private sector asthe engine of growth, and improved macroeconomic Management.Hence in 2007

Countries GDP Growth RateIndia & China 9%Pakistan & Sri Lanka 6.5%South Asia 6.5%

Growth in South AsiaGrowth in South Asia

Results of GrowthResults of Growth

Rapid growth has been instrumental in reducing poverty in South Asia.

What went wrong?What went wrong?

Difference of Income Gaps inLeading and Lagging regions

In South Asian countries the Average Annual growth of Leading regions is always twice as Average Annual Growth of LaggingRegions. Natural disasters also played their roles!

Richer became richest and poorer became poorest Giving rise to REGIONAL DISPARITIES

Poverty TrapPoverty Trap

“The poor will ye always have with you”South Asia has nearly 400 million poor people in apopulation of 1.42 billion. Due to the criteria of purchasing power parity (PPP) ofUS$ 1 a day, the scale of poverty has come down from51.3 per cent to 31.3 per cent in 2001,

Poverty is not just endemic, but it is increasinglyconcentrated in the lagging regions.

Poverty gives rise to InequalityPoverty gives rise to Inequality

Poverty trends in PakistanPoverty trends in Pakistan

$2 PER DAY$2 PER DAY

COUNTRIES POPULATION IN %

PAKISTAN 73.6%

BANGLADESH 80%

NEPAL 80%

SRILANKA 41.6%

INDIA 80%

Poverty CatalystsPoverty Catalysts

• Trends of Inflation

• Stagnant Employment decreased wages despite of inflation.

• The funds allocation for Primary Healthcare, Education and

Poverty Eradication are too scarce.

• South Asia spends one of the highest percentages of its

revenues and GDP on defence, administration and security, it

spends the least in the world on social sectors

• It is pushing millions back into poverty

• The average GDP growth in developing countries in 2009 is now only about a quarter of expected.

• For developing countries as a whole, growth is projected to fall to 1.6 percent in 2009, from an average of 6.1 percent in 2007-08

ConsequencesConsequences

World Bank/IMF estimate that because of this crisis there will be more than

50 million people living in extreme poverty

30 million people around the world be unemployed

23 Million will be from developing countries

Poverty Factors Poverty Factors

• The structures of GDP growth• Erosion of traditional means of living, • Mechanization of agriculture on which the bulk of population lived, • Over-crowding of cities, • Neglect of human resource development, • Illiteracy, • Lack of health services, • Discrimination against women and marginalized communities, • Unequal development, • Regional disparities, • Bad governance and corruption

Poverty Alleviation Programs in PakistanPoverty Alleviation Programs in Pakistan

1. Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund Project

2. Benazir Income Support Program (BISP)

3. Community Investment Funds (CIF)

4. Punjab Food Support Scheme

5. Peoples works programme

6. Pakistan Bait ul Maal (PBM)

Please Comment!Please Comment!

South Asia could bring down poverty to less than ten per cent in the next 10 years, if it succeeded in accelerating its annual

growth rate to 10 per cent. (According to World Bank)