sculpture: 3-dimensional art permanence 3-dimensional art / realistic types- full round (may use...

SCULPTURE: 3-Dimensional Art

• Permanence• 3-dimensional art / realistic• Types- full round (may use devices

for support)• Relief: maintains 2-d quality, low

or high (by half their depth)• Linear (thin, elongated items),

mobiles

Methods of Execution

• Subtraction (carving away)• Material culture determines wood,

stone, bone, etc.• Types of rock: (1) igneous (granite-

hard, lasting, difficult)• (2) Sedimentary (limestone- lasting,

easy, smooth, luster)• (3) Metamorphic (marble- lasting,

pleasure to carve, colors)

Methods: Subtraction

• Creates a model, smaller than sculpture, of clay, plaster, wax

• Roughs out the image to within 2-3 inches of finished area

• Using a different set of tools, the sculptor finishes the work to precise detail

• Finally the sculptor polishes the material

Methods: Construction

• Construction- adds element to element; built sculpture (plastics, metals, terracotta clay, resins, wood, mixed media)

Methods: Substitution

• Substitution- molded or cast• Positive = artist creates an identically

sized model• Negative = covering the model with

plaster, which when hardens is removed, the sculptor has created the negative mold for the sculpture

• Sculptor pours molten metal into mold, the metal hardens when cooled & the sculpture emerges- it can then be polished

Lost Wax Technique

• Lost wax technique (cire-perdue)- cast sculpture in which the basic mold uses a wax model which is then melted to leave desired spaces in the mold

Lost Wax

1. Sculptor covers core of clay in the shape of the sculpture with wax layer

2. He then carves details into the wax and attaches rods & pouring cup & covers everything with a thick layer of clay

3. When the clay dries, the artist heats the mold to melt the wax & then pours molten metal into the mold

4. When metal solidifies, the mold is broken to release the sculpture- it cannot be duplicated, and is hollow, therefore lighter and less expensive

Manipulation- modeling- clay

Sculptural Art Elements

• Mass (literal)• Line & Form: open & closed• Space / Negative space• Color• Texture

Mass (Literal)

Open Form

Closed Form

Negative Space

Color

Texture

Texture

Texture

Design Principles

• Proportion, relative relationship of shapes to one another

• Scale- size in relation to standard• Repetition (rhythm, harmony, variation)• Balance -  Biomorphic / geometric forms• Articulation: manner by which we move from

one element to the next (how the artist has repeated, varied, harmonized, & related its parts and the movement from one part to another)

• Focal area (emphasis)

Proportion- size of the parts in relation to the whole

Scale: size in relation to normal

Repetition

Balance

Contemporary Methods

• Found Objects: changes the context of objects, combines objects in a different way, or decides an object has an aesthetic reference and presents it that way

• Ephemeral art: conceptual, transitory, and makes statement then ceases to exist

Ephemeral Art

Sensory Experience

Touch Temperature Age Dynamics Size Lighting Environment