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Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Inventoryfor the Town of Chapel Hill
Daniel Band
David Bellard
Briana Duggan
Faisal Hussain
K. Amanda Saunders
Katie Williams
Emissions Inventory Outline
Emissions Scopes
A Method for Classifying
And Measuring GHGs
Scope 1
Direct emissions from on-site
energy production
Examples: fleet vehicles,
generators, transit system
Scope 2
Emissions from energy purchased
through an off-site producer
Examples: Electricity usage
Scope 3
Emissions indirectly resulting from
Institutional operations
Examples: Employee commuting,
solid waste, water treatment and
distribution, employee travel,
landscaping, and more
The Focus of This Project
• Scope 3 Emissions
• Specifically, we looked at:– Employee Commuting
– Solid Waste
– Water Distribution and Treatment
• We also examined transit emissions credits
Employee Commuting
Step 1: Geocoding Employee Addresses
Step 2: Match Addresses with Workplaces
1. Geocoded Town workplaces
2.Combined employee addresses to workplaces based on department
3.Ran best-route analysis from each address to their workplace
Figuring Out Total Employee Commuting Miles (ECM)
Statistics Derived from Analysis:
Average One-Way
Commute
12.3 miles
Avg. Commute per Day 24.6 miles
Employee Commuting
Miles per Day20,116 miles
Employee Commuting
Miles per Year4,827,840
miles
Accounting for the 180 unmatched addresses
180 employees x 24.6 miles = 4421 miles
20,117 (ecm) x 240 working days/year =
4,827,840 employee commuting miles per year
Taking into Account Alternative Transportation
Town commuting survey data:
• 656 employees drive alone
• 28 carpool
• 14 bike
• 14 walk
• 7 take public transit92%
4%
2%2%
1%
Employee Commuting Habits
Drives Alone
Carpools
Bikes
Walks
Public Transit
• Emissions saved by alternatives:
4,827,840 miles (rough employee commuting)
- 7,656 miles (walking)- 15,504 miles (biking)- 62,952 miles (carpooling)-1,920 miles (transit)
= 4,739,808 total SOV miles/year from employee commuting
Converting Employee Commuting Miles to Tons CO2 Emissions
Annual employee commuting 4,739,808 miles
Annual gasoline use 234,644 gallons
Annual CO2 emitted 2,067 metric tons*
*Compare this to Chapel Hill’s 2008 fleet emissions of 1703 metric tons CO2 (Spring 2009 Capstone)
Proposals for Reducing Emissions from Employee Commuting
• Promote alternative transportation that reduces reliance on single-occupancy vehicles
• Sponsor initiatives to encourage carpooling
• Provide affordable housing in Chapel Hill to Town employees
Carpooling
• Put a price on parking
• Connect potential carpoolers
• Offer onsite amenities to reduce need for individual vehicles
• Provide emergency ride home service
Affordable Housing
• Many Town employees cannot afford to live in Chapel Hill
• Town purchase apartments and rent out to employees
Scope 3 Emissions from Solid Waste
Methodology: Solid Waste
Step 1: Waste audit of Town Facilities
Step 2: Apply estimated density of 89 pounds per cubic yard to TOCH waste
Step 3: Use Orange County Waste Stream Data to estimate mass totals for different constituents
Step 4: Input mass totals into the EPA Waste Reduction Model to determine total emissions
Methodology: Recycling
Step 1: Determine proportion of TOCH buildings serviced on recycling collection route
Step 2: Multiply this proportion by the total tonnage of recyclables collected on that service route for the 08/09 fiscal year
Step 3: Use Orange county information on recyclables to determine total mass of constituents (glass, plastic, etc.)
Step 4: Input these values into the EPA Waste Reduction Model to determine Saved Emissions
Annual Output by TOCH facility
Results: Solid Waste
Total Annual Emissions at current rates of disposal: 30 – 36 MTC02E
Material Tons Landfilled Total MTCO2E
Food Scraps 20.2 14
Mixed Paper 23.2 9
Newspaper 2.9 3
Mixed MSW 6.4 2
Mixed Plastics 17.2 1
Magazines/Third class mail 2.1 1
Mixed Metals 5.3 0-1
Glass 3.8 0-1
Dimensional Lumber .9 0-1
Clay Bricks .9 0-1
Tires 2.1 0-1
Yard Trimmings .3 0-1
Results: Recycling Total saved emissions from TOCH recycling: -84 MTCO2E
Material Tons Recycled Total MTCO2E
Mixed Paper 14.1 -50
Mixed Metals 2.7 -14
Corrugated Boxes 3.4 -10
Mixed Plastics 2.7 -4
Mixed Recyclables 1.3 -4
Glass 4.7 -1
Note: the high saved emissions from recycling results from the specifications of the WARM model, which analyzes life cycle emissions from new recyclable products.
Suggestions for Future Measurements
• Town implemented auditing program
– More efficient
Month Percent Full Volume to Mass
Waste Conversion
Factor
x 2 if
collected
twice weekly
x 4
(weeks
in a
month)
Monthly Solid
Waste
1
2
3
Pay-As-You-Throw
• Transparency: More efficient and accurate
• Economic Benefits– Dumpsters should only be picked up if half-
full
• Encourages Behavioral Changes– “Out of sight, out of mind”
– Increased yield in recycling
Composting Programs
•Preventable methane emissions•Landfill space•On-site composting programs
•Automatic•Manual
Material Tons Landfilled Total MTCO2e
Food Scraps 20.20 14
Mixed Paper (primarily from offices) 23.18 9
Newspaper 2.90 3
Mixed MSW 6.39 2
Mixed Plastics 17.21 1
Magazines/third-class mail 2.05 1
Glass 3.84 0
Dimensional Lumber 0.94 0
Yard Trimmings 0.34 0
Mixed Metals 5.28 0
Clay Bricks 0.85 0
Tires 2.05 0
Water and Wastewater
Greenhouse Gases Sources
• Two Sources of Emission
– Processing
– Human Waste
• Methane
• Nitrous Oxide
Processing
Electricity UseGHG Electricity Gas Use GHG Gas Annual GHG Total Annual VolumeGHG Emission Rate
(MWh) MTCDE (MMBtu) MTCDE MTCDE MG MTCDE/MG
Potable 8398 4367.135228 2441.5 129.5584417 4496.69367 3182.8 1.412810629
Wastewater 13738 7144.04665 11076.4 644.203424 7788.250074 2700.27 2.884248639
Emission Rate
Greenhouse Gas Produced (MTCDE)
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008
Water GHG 21 22 21 26
Wastewater GHG 18 19 19 18
Human
Nitrous Oxide
Methane
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008
Employees 680 701 704 699
kg of N2O Produced 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9
MTCDE of N20 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008
GHG N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2005 2006 2007 2008
MTC
DE
Year
Greenhouse Gas Produced
Water GHG (MTCDE)
Wastewater GHG (MTCDE)
MTCDE of N20
Total GHG (MTCDE)
2008 Water Users
0
2
4
6
8
10
12M
illio
n G
allo
ns
User
2008 Water Usage
Water
Wastewater
Obstacles to Demand Reduction
• Water pricing is not a viable strategy
– Chapel Hill does not control its water or wastewater operations
• Voluntary demand reduction will not be effective either
– The majority of the town’s operations are in commercial and office settings: difficult for consumers to modify use
– Public housing is the largest water user: residents have no incentive to reduce water consumption
Solution: Retrofit buildings with more efficient appliances and fixtures
Daily Domestic Water Use:
Use Gallons per Capita Percentage of Total
Daily Use
Toilets 18.5 26.7%
Clothes Washers 15.0 21.7%
Showers 11.6 16.8%
Faucets 10.9 15.7%
Leaks 9.5 13.7%
Other Use 1.6 2.2%
Baths 1.2 1.7%
Dishwashers 1.0 1.4%
Low-flow Toilets in all Town Buildings
• Toilets installed prior to 1994 use anywhere from 3.5 to 7 gallons per flush
• Low-flow toilets use 1.6 gpf
• Assume the average person flushes the toilet 4 times a day while at work
– Savings of 1.6 gpf vs. 3.5 gpf = 7.6 gallons/day per employee
– Total annual savings of 1.3 million gallons for all 714 town employees (assumes 240 workdays per year)
Horizontal-axis Clothes Washers:Case study – Bern, Kansas
Additional Strategies
• Leak detection through regular system maintenance
• Retrofit other fixtures:
– Low-flow showerheads in public housing
– Low-flow faucet aerators in public housing and in all town buildings
• Reclaimed water for irrigation
• Community-wide reduction efforts
Transit Credit
Transit Credit
• Purpose: to calculate the emissions displaced by the Chapel Hill Transit system through:
– Mode shift
– Congestion relief
– Land use multiplier
Land-use multiplier
• Not included in total credit value, requires future analysis
• American Public Transportation Association (APTA) recommended methodology involves complex modeling procedures
• Methodology not suitable for transit providers in low-density suburban areas
Mode Shift
• Created ratio of transit passenger miles to displaced auto miles using Chapel Hill Transit Rider survey from Spring 2009 Capstone
• Determined number of miles that would have been driven without transit, converted to CO2 emissions
YearCO2 emissions offset (metric
tons)
2005 2996
2006 3080
2007 3094
2008 3098
Congestion Relief
• Calculated fuel saved per trip
• Used ridership values to determine gallons of excess fuel consumed, converted to CO2 emissions
Year CO2 emissions offset (metric tons)
2005 2585
2006 2230
2007 2318
2008 2671
Year
Total CO2 emissions
offset (metric tons)
Total CO2 emissions
produced (metric tons)
Total CO2 emissions
deficit (metric tons)
2005 5581 6095 (514)
2006 5310 6296 (986)
20075412 6687 (1275)
20085769 6818 (1049)
Total CO2 Emissions Offset of Chapel Hill Transit
•Displaces an average of 5518 metric tons CO2 per year
•Produces an average of 6474 metric tons CO2 per year
•Average net deficit of 956 metric tons CO2 per year
Conclusion
• Total Scope 3 Emissions (2008)
– Employee Commuting: 2067 MTCDE
– Solid Waste: 33 MTCDE
– Water 37 MTCDE
– Wastewater Treatment: 51 MTCDE
– N2O: 1.5 MTCDE
Transit Deficit: -1049 MTCDE
Conclusion
• Final Recommendations:
– Streamline data collection on scope 3 emissions
– Continue to explore opportunities for GHG reductions from commuters, solid waste, water, and wastewater treatment
Acknowledgements
Elizabeth ShayBrian RichardsonDaniel ArnemanEarl Bingham
Pat DavisJohn RichardsonMike Meagher
Rob TaylorAmanda Henley
Len ConeJohn Newark
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