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Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Statistics and Research
Evaluating Research
Ethics
Psychology = Common Sense?
• “Birds of a feather flock together.”
• “Opposites attract.”
• “Absence makes the heart grow fonder.”
• “Out of sight, out of mind.”
• “You can’t judge a book by its cover.”
• “Beauty is only skin deep.”
Goals of the Scientific Enterprise
1. Measurement and description
2. Understanding and prediction
3. Application and control
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Statistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Anxiety
Ethics
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
How Affects
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
School Business
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Theories
InductiveLogic
Hypotheses
DeductiveLogic
Research
HowHypothesesare Tested
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Hypothesis: Students who study over a span of 3 weeks before a test perform better than those who wait until the night before
MethodData Collection Analysis
Report Findings
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Independent Variable
DependantVariable
ExperimentalGroup
ControlGroup
ExtraneousVariables
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Absence of Pain = Dependant Variable
Independent Variable
Experimental Group
Control Group
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
IndependentVariable #1
Independent Variable #2
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
DependantVariable #1
DependantVariable #2
WorkerSatisfaction
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Experiments are Often Artificial
Ethical Concerns
Practical Realities
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
DOGS
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Detailed case histories are worked up for youngsters referred to counseling because of excessive aggressive behavior in school. The childrenare interviewed, as are their parents and teachers.
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Population
Unrepresentative Sample
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Central Tendency
Variability Correlation
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Positive CorrelationHigh scores on X are associated with high scores on Y,and low scores on X are associated with low scores on Y.
# of CigarettesSmoked
X
Blood PressureReading
Y
# of Cigarettes Smoked
X
Blood Pressure Reading
Y
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Correlation
Negative CorrelationHigh scores on X are associated with low scores on Y,and low scores on X are associated with high scores on Y.
Amount ofCocaine Ingested
X
# of HoursSlept
Y
Amount ofCocaine Ingested
X
# of HoursSlept
Y
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Correlation
Negative Correlation Positive Correlation
Strength of Relationship
Increasing Increasing
High Moderate Low HighModerateLow
1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.100-.10-.20-.30-.40-.50-.60-.70-.80-.90-1.00
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
Correlation
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
EvaluatingResearch
.05 level of significance
Comparing Research Methods
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Replication Meta-analysis
Evaluating Research Ethics
Statistics andResearch
Evaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
RobertRosenthal
Evaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
Evaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
EthicsStatistics andResearch
Ethics
“If it is all right to use deceit to advance knowledge, then why not for reasons of national security, for maintaining the Presidency, or to save one’s own hide?”
– Warwick 1975
Evaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Statistics andResearch
APA’s Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists
Using recognized standards of competence and ethics, psychologists plan research so as to minimize the possibility of misleading results. Any ethical problems are resolved before research is started. The welfare and confidentiality of all participants are to be protected.
Psychologists are responsible for the dignity and welfare of participants. Psychologists are also responsible for all research they perform or is performed by others under their supervision.
4 Major Considerations
1. Informed consent
2. No harm
3. Confidentiality/anonymity
4. Debriefed
**IRB** Institutional Review Board
Psychologists obey all state and federal laws and regulations as well as professional standards governing research.
Except for anonymous surveys, naturalistic observations, and similar research, psychologists reach an agreement regarding rights and responsibilities of both participants and researchers before research is started.
When consent is required, psychologists obtain a signed, informed consent before starting any research with a participant.
Deception is used only if no better alternative is available. Under no condition is there deception about (negative) aspects that might influence a participant’s willingness to participate.
Other issues covered include sharing and utilizing data, offering inducements, minimizing evasiveness, and providing participants with information about the study.
Confidentiality
Records are private
Exception: to protect the well-being of the client or of other people
Deception
New drug experiments often use placebos
May use deception in the following situations:
- when they believe that the benefits of the research outweigh its potential harm
- when they believe participants would have been willing to participate if they understood the benefits
- when participants receive an explanation of the study after it has occurred
Neil Miller
EthicsEvaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Statistics andResearch
Ethics
Both human and animal subjects should be treated with dignity
Evaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Statistics andResearch
EthicsEvaluating Research
Scientific Approach to Behavior
Experimental Research
Descriptive/Correlational Research
Statistics andResearch
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