sanitation in islam
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Fadilah Binti Abd.Rahman
Senior Lecturer
Center for Islamic Thought & Understanding (CITU)
Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam Selangor
Fadilah/CITU/CTU 695 1
INTRODUCTION
Allah has bestowed on human his blessings, hidden
and apparent. Of these blessings, the greatest is that
of health which the prophet regarded as one of the two
graces the importance of which was not appreciated by
many.
Fadilah/CITU/CTU 695 2
The Concept of Health in Islam and its relationship with Sanitation
In Islam, the concept of health as demonstrated in the
Quran and Sunnah is that: Mankind should mentally,
physically and spiritually sound.
Health is part and parcel of worship and subversience
to Allah. A weak person may not perform his duties
towards Allah, his family and community as ONLY the
strong healthy ones can do.
Fadilah/CITU/CTU 695 3
Definition of Health
The absence of any manifestation of
diseases, and a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being
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Health in Islam and its relationship with Sanitation/Cleanliness/Purification
Cleanliness and purification is one of the great
privileges of Islam. It has evolved a wonderful
system that encompasses Muslim life on
individual and social levels. Islam places great
emphasis on cleanliness, in both physical and
spiritual terms.
Fadilah/CITU/CTU 695 5
In the Holy Quran, there are a number of verses
which shed light at the importance of cleanliness:
“Truly, Allah loves those who turn to Him constantly and He
loves those who keep themselves pure and clean.” (Surah al-
Baqarah 2:222)
At another place Allah says: “In it (mosque) are men who love
to clean and to purify themselves. And Allah loves those who
make themselves clean and pure.” (Surah 9:108)
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Cleanliness and purity has also been emphasized by
various means in hundreds of Hadith of the Prophet
(peace be upon him). In a Hadith he said:
“Cleanliness is half of faith” (Sahih Muslim Book 2,
Hadith No. 0432)
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The importance of cleanliness can be
illustrated from the fact that the books of
Hadith as well as the Fiqh (Islamic
jurisprudence) start with a chapter on
cleanliness.
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There are two terms used in Islamic literature
to refer to Cleanliness and Sanitation: Taharah
and Nazafah. Taharah (Cleanliness from
physical impurities) is required by Islam to be
observed by each and every Muslim in his and
her daily life while nazafah (neatness) is a
desirable attribute.
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Personal Cleanliness/Hygiene has been emphasized by Islam. This include among others:
Cleanliness of one’s finger-nails
Cleanliness of one’s mouth
Cleanliness of one’s hair
Cleanliness of one’s hands
Cleanliness of one’s private parts
Cleanliness of one’s cloth
Observation of adab during coughing and sneezing etc.
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Aspects of Cleanliness
1 . Body Cleanliness: Islam recommends bathing for'
twenty three reasons. Seven of them are compulsory and
sixteen are preferable.
2. Hands Cleanliness: Prophet Mohammed (PBUH)
Says 'Wash thy hands before and after eating", He adds
"Wash thy hands after awakening. No one knows where
his hands lay during his sleep."
3. Islam recommends clothing cleanliness and
elegance "Ameliorate thy clothing and thy mouth".
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4. Food and drink cleanliness: Orders for protecting food
from dust and insects, the prophet says “Cover thy vessels and
drinks”
5. Residence cleanliness: “Clean thy courtyards and thy
residence” as well as street cleanliness “It is charitable to remove
harms from the road.”
6. Cleanliness of water sources such as wells, rivers and
shores. Therefore, urinating and defecating are forbidden in any
of them: “Avoid three evils; defecation in water sources, shades
and in the road.”
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Ritual Cleansing through Performance of
Ablution (Wudhu’):
“O you who believe! When you intend to offer
the prayer, wash your faces and your hands
(forearms) up to the elbows, wipe your heads,
and (wash) your feet up to the ankles. If you
are in a state of Janaba purify yourself.” (Quran
5:6)
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continue
The prophet said: "When a Muslim of God's servants
makes his ablution and rinses his mouth, sins come out
of it, and so do they come out of his nose when he rinses
it. When he washes his face, sins drop from all of his face
including from behind the edges of his eyelids. When he
washes his hands, sins drop from all over his hands,
including from under his fingernails. When he wipes his
head, they drop from his head and from under his ears.
When he finally washes his feet, sins drop from them to
the extent that they go out from under his toenails"
(narrated by Muslim).
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Ritual Cleansing Through Tayammum:
“...But if you are ill or on a journey or any of you
comes from answering the call of nature, or you
have been in contact with women (i.e. sexual
intercourse) and you find no water, then
perform Tayammum with clean earth and rub
therewith your faces and hands. God does not
want to place you in difficulty, but He wants to
purify you, and to complete His Favour on you
that you may be thankful.” (Quran 5:6)
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Ritual Cleansing through the
Performance of Ghusl (Obligatory bath):
“O you who believe! When you intend to
offer the prayer, wash your faces and your
hands (forearms) up to the elbows, wipe
your heads, and (wash) your feet up to the
ankles. If you are in a state of Janaba
purify yourself.” (Quran 5:6)
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Maintaining Personal Hygiene through the
Natural Way (Fitrah):
The traditions of Prophet Muhammad, include
advice about actions that are part of a natural way
(Fitrah) to maintain personal hygiene. He said
that:
“Five things are part of the fitrah: shaving the pubic hair, circumcision, trimming the moustache, plucking the armpit hairs, and cutting the nails”
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Water and Sanitation in Islam Water is one of the most essential needs for life.
Without it man cannot survive for more than a few days. God has made every living thing dependent on water for its very existence.
Water constitutes two-thirds of body cell matter and 90% of all body fluids, including the blood as well as the lymphatic and spinal fluids. It is necessary for all biological processes, which have no place without the body. Furthermore, it contributes to the regulation of body temperature through perspiration.
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Water is also essential for ablution, bathing
and personal cleanliness: Allah says: “It is He
who sends down water upon you from heaven
with which to purify you”. (8:11).
Water is also necessary for the cleaning of
one’s home and personal effects, as well as for
general hygiene. It is indispensable to
agriculture and industry: “He it is who sends
down water from the sky. With it, We bring
forth plants of every kind” (6:99).
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Allah says “God, it is who sends the
winds with which to blow the clouds
along. We drive them on to a dead land
and revive the earth by means of them
after it has been dead. Such is the
resurrection” (35:9).
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“Surely in the creation of Heaven and Earth
and the alternation of night and day, and in the
ships which plough the sea carrying what is of
benefit to mankind, and in the water which God
sends down from the sky with which to revive
the earth after it has been dead and to scatter
every kind of animal throughout it, and in
directing the winds and clouds which are driven
along between the sky and the earth, there are
signs for people who use their reason” (2:164).
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Health in Islam and Its Relationship with Food and Nutrition
One of the important aspect of cleanliness and
sanitation which was given special emphasis in Islam
is the Food Cleanliness and Sanitation.
The important principle in Islam is that the food we
consume will have a direct effect on not only our
physical bodies but also our souls and mind.
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There is a chain of link of the law of cause and
effect between the money used to purchase the
food, the way the food was prepared and the
psyche of cook WITH the persons who eat the
food.
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To keep optimum health the Prophet requires that
each Muslim ensure proper diet and nutrition. The
prophet said: “Stomach is the home of disease.
Diet is the main medicine”. (Sahih Muslim)
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To keep optimum health, Islam also requires that
Muslim should only consume food which is Halal and
Thoyyib (wholesome). A food is Halal and Thoyyib
when its consumption is sanctioned by Allah, and the
preparation, process, handling and distribution of
which are done in accordance to the Shariah Standard
(Hygiene, Sanitation and Safety).
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With regard to Food, Halal & Sanitation covers the followings:
The Raw Materials used (the types of animals, the ingredients etc.)
The Person preparing the food (Employee, Food handler etc.)
The equipment/utensils/devices /machines/processing aids used
The cleanliness of the food premises
The methods used
The way food is transported and distributed
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The Concept of Halal & Thoyyib Food in the Quran
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Surah al-a’raf: 157
Those who follow the Messenger, the Prophet who can neither read nor write (i.e.Muhammad ) whom they find written with them in the Taurat and the Injeel - he commands them for Al-Ma'ruf (i.e. Islamic Monotheism and all that Islam has ordained); and forbids them from Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism of all kinds, and all that Islam has forbidden); he allows them as lawful At-Taiyibat [(i.e. all good and lawful) as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc.], and prohibits them as unlawful Al-Khaba'ith (i.e. all evil and unlawful as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc.), he releases them from their heavy burdens (of Allah's Covenant), and from the fetters (bindings) that were upon them. So those who believe in him (Muhammad ), honour him, help him, and follow the light (the Qur'an) which has been sent down with him, it is they who will be successful .
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Surah al-mukminun: 51 O (you) Messengers! Eat of the Taiyibat [all
kinds of Halal (legal) foods which Allah has made legal (meat of slaughtered eatable animals, milk products, fats, vegetables, fruits, etc.], and do righteous deeds. Verily! I am Well-Acquainted with what you do.
Fadilah/CITU/CTU 695 29
Surah al-Maidah: 100 Say (O Muhammad ): "Not equal are Al-Khabith (all
that is evil and bad as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc.) and At-Taiyib (all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc.), even though the abundance of Al-Khabith (evil) may please you." So fear Allah much [(abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which He has forbidden) and love Allah much (perform all kinds of good deeds which He has ordained)], O men of understanding in order that you may be successful.
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Surah Al-a’raf: 32
Say (O Muhammad ): "Who has forbidden the adoration with clothes given by Allah, which He has produced for his slaves, and At-Taiyibat [all kinds of Halal (lawful) things] of food?" Say: "They are, in the life of this world, for those who believe, (and) exclusively for them (believers) on the Day of Resurrection (the disbelievers will not share them)." Thus We explain the Ayat (Islamic laws) in detail for people who have knowledge.
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Surah al-Baqarah: 168
O mankind! Eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth, and follow not the footsteps of Shaitan (Satan). Verily, he is to you an open enemy.
Fadilah/CITU/CTU 695 32
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