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Safety SymbolsThese safety symbols are used in laboratory and field investigations in this book to indicate
possible hazards. Learn the meaning of each symbol and refer to this page often. Rememberto wash your hands thoroughly after completing lab procedures.
REFERENCE HANDBOOK 1107
Eye SafetyProper eye protectionshould be worn at alltimes by anyone per-forming or observingscience activities.
ClothingProtectionThis symbol appearswhen substancescould stain or burnclothing.
Animal SafetyThis symbol appearswhen safety of ani-mals and studentsmust be ensured.
RadioactivityThis symbol appearswhen radioactivematerials are used.
Avoid skin contactwith these materials.Wear mask or gloves.
Notify your teacher ifyou suspect contactwith material. Washhands thoroughly.
Organisms or otherbiological materialsthat might be harmfulto humans
bacteria, fungi, blood,unpreserved tissues,plant materials
BIOLOGICAL
Use proper protectionwhen handling.
Go to your teacher forfirst aid.
Objects that can burnskin by being too coldor too hot
boiling liquids, hotplates, dry ice, liquidnitrogen
EXTREMETEMPERATURE
Do not dispose ofthese materials in thesink or trash can.
Dispose of wastes asdirected by yourteacher.
Special disposal pro-cedures need to befollowed.
certain chemicals, living organismsDISPOSAL
SAFETY SYMBOLS
Practice common-sense behavior andfollow guidelines foruse of the tool.
Go to your teacher forfirst aid.
Use of tools or glass-ware that can easilypuncture or slice skin
razor blades, pins,scalpels, pointedtools, dissectingprobes, broken glass
SHARPOBJECT
Make sure there isgood ventilation.Never smell fumesdirectly. Wear a mask.
Leave foul area andnotify your teacherimmediately.
Possible danger torespiratory tract fromfumes
ammonia, acetone,nail polish remover,heated sulfur, mothballs
FUME
Double-check setupwith teacher. Checkcondition of wires andapparatus.
Do not attempt to fixelectrical problems.Notify your teacherimmediately.
Possible danger fromelectrical shock orburn
improper grounding,liquid spills, short cir-cuits, exposed wires
ELECTRICAL
Wear dust mask andgloves. Practice extracare when handlingthese materials.
Go to your teacher forfirst aid.
Substances that canirritate the skin ormucous membranesof the respiratory tract
pollen, moth balls,steel wool, fiberglass,potassium perman-ganate
IRRITANT
Wear goggles, gloves,and an apron.
Immediately flush theaffected area withwater and notify yourteacher.
Chemicals that canreact with and destroytissue and other materials
bleaches such ashydrogen peroxide;acids such as sulfuricacid, hydrochloricacid; bases such asammonia, sodiumhydroxide
CHEMICAL
Follow your teacher’sinstructions.
Always wash handsthoroughly after use.Go to your teacher forfirst aid.
Substance may bepoisonous if touched,inhaled, or swallowed.
mercury, many metalcompounds, iodine,poinsettia plant parts
TOXIC
Tie back hair. Avoidwearing loose cloth-ing. Avoid open flameswhen using flammablechemicals. Be awareof locations of firesafety equipment.
Notify your teacherimmediately. Use firesafety equipment ifapplicable.
Open flame may igniteflammable chemicals,loose clothing, or hair.
alcohol, kerosene,potassium perman-ganate, hair, clothing
OPENFLAME
PRECAUTION REMEDYHAZARD EXAMPLES
Demonstrating Safe Lab PracticesThe biology laboratory is a safe place to work if you follow standard safety procedures. Being
responsible for your own safety helps to make the entire laboratory a safer place for every-one. When performing MiniLabs and BioLabs, read and apply the caution statements and safetysymbols. Safety symbols are explained on the previous page. The safety guidelines and rulesgiven here will help protect you and others during laboratory and field investigations.
Preventing Accidents• Always wear chemical splash safety goggles (not
glasses) in the laboratory. Goggles should fit snugglyagainst the face to prevent any liquid from enteringthe eyes. Put on your goggles before beginning thelab and wear them throughout the entire activity,cleanup, and hand washing. Only remove goggleswith your teacher’s permission.
• Wear protective aprons and the proper type ofgloves as instructed by your teacher.
• Keep your hands away from your face and mouthwhile working in the laboratory.
• Do NOT wear sandals or other open-toed shoes inthe lab.
• Remove jewelry on hands and wrists before doinglab work. Loose jewelry, such as chains and longnecklaces, should be removed to prevent them fromgetting caught in equipment.
• Do NOT wear clothing that is loose enough to catchon anything. If clothing is loose, tape or tie it down.
• Tie back long hair to keep it away from flames andequipment.
• Do NOT use hair spray, mousse, or other flam-mable hair products just before or during laboratorywork where an open flame is used. These productsignite easily.
• Eating, drinking, chewing gum, applying makeup,and smoking are prohibited in the laboratory.
• Students are expected to behave properly in the lab-oratory. Practical jokes and fooling around can leadto accidents and injury.
• Students should notify their teacher about allergiesor other health conditions that they have which canaffect their participation in a lab.
Making Wise Choices• When obtaining consumable laboratory materials,
carefully dispense only the amount you will use. Ifyou dispense more than you will use, check withyour teacher to determine if another student can usethe excess.
• If you have consumable materials left over aftercompleting an investigation, check with your teacherto determine the best choice for either recycling ordisposing of the materials.
Working in the Laboratory and the Field• Study all procedures before you begin a laboratory
or field investigation. Ask questions if you do notunderstand any part of the procedure.
• Do NOT begin any activity until directed to do soby your teacher.
• Work ONLY on procedures assigned by yourteacher. NEVER work alone in the laboratory.
• Do NOT handle equipment without permission.Use all lab equipment for their intended uses only.
• Collect and carry all equipment and materials toyour work area before beginning the lab.
• Remain in your own work area unless given permis-sion by your teacher to leave it. Keep your work areauncluttered.
• Learn and follow procedures for using specific lab-oratory equipment such as balances, microscopes,hot plates, and burners. Do not hesitate to ask forinstructions about how to use any lab equipment.
• When heating or rinsing a container such as a testtube or flask, point it away from yourself and others.
1108 REFERENCE HANDBOOKMatt Meadows
• Do NOT taste, touch, or smell any chemical or sub-stance unless instructed to do so by your teacher.
• If instructed to smell a substance in a container, holdthe container a short distance away and fan vaporstoward your nose.
• Do NOT substitute other chemicals/substances forthose in the materials list unless instructed to do soby your teacher.
• Do NOT take any materials or chemicals outside ofthe laboratory.
• Stay out of storage areas unless you are instructed tobe there and are supervised by your teacher.
Laboratory Cleanup• Turn off all burners, gas valves, and water faucets
before leaving the laboratory. Disconnect electricaldevices.
• Clean all equipment as instructed by your teacherand return everything to the proper storage places.
• Dispose of all materials properly. Place disposableitems in containers specifically marked for that typeof item. Do not pour liquids down a drain unlessyour teacher instructs you to do so.
• Clean up your work and sink area. • Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm
water after each activity and BEFORE removingyour goggles.
Emergencies• Inform the teacher immediately of any mishap,
such as fire, bodily injuries or burns, electricalshock, glassware breakage, and chemical or otherspills.
• In most instances, your teacher will clean up spills.Do NOT attempt to clean up spills unless you aregiven permission and instructions on how to do so.
• Know the location of the fire extinguisher, safetyshower, eyewash, fire blanket, and first-aid kit. Afterreceiving instruction, you can use the safety shower,eyewash, and fire blanket in an emergency withoutyour teacher’s permission. However, the fire extin-guisher and the first-aid kit should only be used byyour teacher or, in an extreme emergency, with yourteacher’s permission.
• If chemicals come into contact with your eyes orskin, notify your teacher immediately then flushyour skin or eyes with large quantities of water.
• If someone is injured or becomes ill, only a profes-sional medical provider or someone certified in firstaid should perform first-aid procedures.
REFERENCE HANDBOOK 1109Matt Meadows
1110 REFERENCE HANDBOOK
Kingdom Eubacteria Phylum Actinobacteria
Example: MycobacteriumPhylum Omnibacteria
Example: SalmonellaPhylum Spirochaetae
Example: TreponemaPhylum Chloroxybacteria
Example: ProchloronPhylum Cyanobacteria
Example: Nostoc
Kingdom Archaebacteria Phylum Aphragmabacteria
Example: MycoplasmaPhylum Halobacteria
Example: HalobacteriumPhylum Methanocreatrices
Example: Methanobacillus
Kingdom ProtistaPhylum Rhizopoda
Example: AmoebaPhylum Ciliophora
Example: ParameciumPhylum Sporozoa
Example: PlasmodiumPhylum Zoomastigina
Example: TrypanosomaPhylum Euglenophyta
Example: Euglena
Phylum BacillariophytaExample: Navicula
Phylum DinoflagellataExample: Gonyaulax
Phylum RhodophytaExample: Chondrus
Phylum PhaeophytaExample: Laminaria
Phylum ChlorophytaExample: Ulva
Phylum AcrasiomycotaExample: Dictyostelium
Phylum MyxomycotaExample: Physarum
Phylum Oomycota Example: Phytophthora
Kingdom FungiDivision Zygomycota
Example: RhizopusDivision Ascomycota
Example: SaccharomycesDivision Basidiomycota
Example: AmanitaDivision Deuteromycota
Example: PenicilliumDivision Mycophycota
Example: Cladonia
Six-Kingdom ClassificationThe classification used in this text combines information gathered from the
systems of many different fields of biology. For example, phycologists,biologists who study algae, have developed their own system of classification,as have mycologists, biologists who study fungi. The naming of animals andplants is controlled by two completely different sets of rules. The six-kingdomsystem, although not ideal for reflecting the phylogeny of all life, is useful forshowing relationships. Taxonomy is an area of biology that evolves just like thespecies it studies. In this Appendix, only the major phyla are listed, and onegenus is named as an example. For more information about each taxon, refer to the chapter in the text in which the group is described.
C
REFERENCE HANDBOOK 1111
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Porifera
Example: SpongillaPhylum Cnidaria
Example: HydraPhylum Platyhelminthes
Example: DugesiaPhylum Nematoda
Example: TrichinellaPhylum Mollusca
Example: NautilusPhylum Annelida
Example: Hirudo
Phylum ArthropodaExample: Colias
Phylum EchinodermataExample: Cucumaria
Phylum ChordataSubphylum Urochordata
Example: PolycarpaSubphylum Cephalochordata
Example: BranchiostomaSubphylum Vertebrata
Example: Panthera
Three-Domain ClassificationIncreasingly, biologists are classifying organisms into categories larger than kingdoms
called domains. The three domains are: domain Bacteria, which includes the KingdomEubacteria; domain Archaea, which includes the Kingdom Archaebacteria; and the domainEukarya, which includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals. With discoveries, this classifi-cation system may change.
Kingdom PlantaeDivision Hepaticophyta
Example: PelliaDivision Anthocerophyta
Example: AnthocerosDivision Bryophyta
Example: PolytrichumDivision Psilophyta
Example: PsilotumDivision Lycophyta
Example: LycopodiumDivision Arthrophyta
Example: Equisetum
Division PterophytaExample: Polypodium
Division GinkgophytaExample: Ginkgo
Division CycadophytaExample: Cycas
Division ConiferophytaExample: Pinus
Division GnetophytaExample: Welwitschia
Division AnthophytaExample: Rhododendron
DOMAIN
KINGDOM
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
(t)David M. Dennis, (b)Lynne Stone
1112 REFERENCE HANDBOOK
The Periodic Table of Elements
1112 REFERENCE HANDBOOK
Hydrogen
1H1.008
Element
Atom
ic number
Symbol
Atom
ic mass
State ofm
atter
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Synthetic H
ydrogen
1H1.008
Lithium
3Li6.941
Sodium
11
Na
22.990
Potassium
19K39.098
Rubidium
37
Rb
85.468
Cesium
55Cs132.905
Francium
87Fr(223)
Radium
88
Ra
(226)
Cerium
58
Ce140.116
Thorium
90
Th232.038
Uranium
92U238.029
Neptunium
93
Np
(237)
Plutonium
94
Pu(244)
Americium
95
Am
(243)
Neodym
ium
60
Nd
144.24
Promethium
61
Pm(145)
Samarium
62
Sm150.36
Europium
63
Eu151.964
Praseodymium
59Pr140.908
Protactinium
91
Pa231.036
Actinium
89
Ac
(227)
Rutherfordium
104
Rf
(261)
Barium
56
Ba
137.327
Lanthanum
57
La138.906
Hafnium
72
Hf
178.49
Tantalum
73
Ta180.948
Dubnium
105
Db
(262)
Seaborgium
106
Sg(266)
Hassium
108
Hs
(277)
Meitnerium
109
Mt
(268)
Bohrium
107
Bh
(264)
Tungsten
74W183.84
Rhenium
75
Re
186.207
Osm
ium
76
Os
190.23
Iridium
77Ir192.217
Strontium
38Sr87.62
Yttrium
39Y88.906
Zirconium
40Zr91.224
Niobium
41
Nb
92.906
Molybdenum
42
Mo
95.94
Calcium
20
Ca40.078
Scandium
21Sc44.956
Titanium
22Ti47.867
Vanadium
23V50.942
Chromium
24Cr51.996
Technetium
43Tc(98)
Ruthenium
44
Ru
101.07
Manganese
25
Mn
54.938
Iron
26
Fe55.845
Cobalt
27
Co58.933
Rhodium
45
Rh
102.906
Magnesium
12
Mg
24.305
Beryllium
4Be
9.012
Lanthanideseries
Actinide
series
1
12
234567
93
45
67
8
The number in parentheses is the m
ass number of the longest-lived isotope of the elem
ent.
Metal
Metalloid
Nonm
etal
Recently
discovered
Helium
2He
4.003
Curium
96
Cm(247)
Berkelium
97
Bk
(247)
Californium
98Cf(251)
Einsteinium
99Es(252)
Fermium
100
Fm(257)
Nobelium
102
No
(259)
Lawrencium
103
Lr(262)
Mendelevium
101
Md
(258)
Gadolinium
64
Gd
157.25
Terbium
65
Tb158.925
Dysprosium
66
Dy
162.500
Holm
ium
67
Ho
164.930
Erbium
68Er167.259
Thulium
69
Tm168.934
Ytterbium
70
Yb173.04
Lutetium
71
Lu174.967
Ununnilium
110
Uun
(281)
Unununium
111
Uuu
(272)
Ununbium
112
Uub
(285)
Ununquadium
114
Uuq
(289)
Ununhexium
116
Uuh
Ununoctium
118
Uuo
Platinum
78
Pt195.078
Gold
79
Au
196.967
Mercury
80
Hg
200.59
Thallium
81Tl204.383
Lead
82
Pb207.2
Bismuth
83Bi
208.980
Astatine
85
At
(210)
Radon
86
Rn
(222)
Nickel
28Ni
58.693
Copper
29
Cu63.546
Zinc
30
Zn65.409
Gallium
31
Ga
69.723
Germanium
32
Ge
72.64
Arsenic
33
As
74.922
Selenium
34
Se78.96
Bromine
35
Br
79.904
Krypton
36Kr83.798
Palladium
46
Pd106.42
Silver
47
Ag
107.868
Cadmium
48
Cd112.411
Indium
49
In114.818
Tin
50
Sn118.710
Antimony
51
Sb121.760
Tellurium
52
Te127.60
Iodine
53I126.904
Xenon
54
Xe131.293
Aluminum
13Al
26.982
Silicon
14Si28.086
Phosphorus
15P30.974
Sulfur
16S32.065
Chlorine
17Cl35.453
Argon
18
Ar
39.948
Boron
5B10.811
Carbon
6C12.011
Nitrogen
7N14.007
Oxygen
8O15.999
Fluorine
9F18.998
Neon
10
Ne
20.180
1011
12
1314
1516
17
18
Polonium
84
Po(209)
The names and sym
bols for elements 110 –
114 are temporary. Final nam
es will be selected w
hen the elements‘ discoveries are verified.
* **
**
Elements 116 and
118 were thought to
have been created in a laboratory in 1999. In July 2001, the claim
was retracted
because the experim
ental results could not be repeated. Currently, there is no evidence to support the existence of these elem
ents.
Visit the Glencoe Science Web site
for updates to the periodic table.
Co
lum
ns o
f elemen
ts are called g
rou
ps. Elem
ents in
the sam
e gro
up
h
ave similar ch
emical p
rop
erties.
The first th
ree symb
ols tell yo
u
the state o
f matter o
f the elem
ent
at roo
m tem
peratu
re. The fo
urth
sym
bo
l iden
tifies hu
man
-mad
e, o
r synth
etic , elemen
ts.
The co
lor o
f an elem
ent's b
lock
tells you
if the elem
ent is a m
etal, n
on
metal, m
etalloid
, or h
as been
d
iscovered
so recen
tly that m
ore
stud
y is need
ed.
Row
s of elem
ents are called
p
eriod
s. Ato
mic n
um
ber
increases acro
ss a perio
d.
The arro
w sh
ow
s w
here th
ese elemen
ts w
ou
ld fit in
to th
e p
eriod
ic table. Th
ey are m
oved
to th
e b
otto
m o
f the p
age to
save sp
ace.
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