rigging overview updated aug 7, 2013. highline overview 1.highline types 2.components of the...

RIGGING

OVERVIEW

Updated Aug 7, 2013

Highline Overview

1. Highline Types

2. Components of the Kootenay Highline System 3. Highline Setup

4. Operation

Highline Types

Horizontal Highline

Sloping Highline

Drooping Highline

Highline SetupMessenger Line

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Anchors Pre-tension Back-tieKootenay PulleyTrack-lines Tag-linesReeving-lineRaising SystemsLowering systems Tag line HangersHigh Points

Tensioning System

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Anchors

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Anchors

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Pre-tensioned Back-tie

Anchor Systems

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Kootenay Pulley

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Track-lines

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Tag-lines

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Reeving-line

English Reeve

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Norwegian Reeving-lines

Components of the Kootenay Highline SystemEnglish Reeving-lines

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Raising and Lowering Systems

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Tag line Hangers (Festoons)

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

High Points

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Tensioning System

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Tensioning System

Components of the Kootenay Highline System

Tensioning System

Highline Setup

Safety Issues

Messenger Line

Pre-tensioning

Tensioning

Using Mechanical advantage systems

Highline Setup

Safety Issues

PPE

Edge safety

Pay attention

Listen

No horsing around

Highline Setup

Pre-tensioning

6:1

Places initial tension in the system

Highline Setup

Tensioning

18:1 Rule – 1/2” Rope

12:1 Rule – 7/16” Rope

Highline SetupUsing Mechanical

Advantage

Systems

Operation

Commands

Lowering

Raising

Reeving

HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

Components of a highline rescue team

• Lowering belay system

• Raising belay system

• Reversing the system

• Tensioning the system

Highline Rescue System Overview

HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAMTEAM

HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAMTEAM

HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAMHIGHLINE RESCUE TEAM

• Team Leader

• Safety Officer

• Edge Tender

• Control/Operations

• Static Anchor Team

• Tag Line Team

• Reeving Line Team

• Medical/Attendant

Team Leader

• Identify highline location

• Briefing and outlining objectives

• Identify anchors with squad leaders

• Give assignments

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

• Rescue situations rapidly change. The effective Safety Officer must be able to forecast potential safety issues.

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

• The Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and assessing the safety aspects of all team operations, door-to-door.

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

• A team Safety Officer should be assigned to every rescue

mission and training event.

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

• Any member of the team can call a STOP to an operation if a safety concern is detected

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

1. Scene Safety

– Establishes, and marks a minimum 6’ safety zone at the edge

– All personnel must be on a tether beyond this safety zone

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

1. Scene Safety

– Determine if the rigging location is safe

• Loose rocks• Unstable overhang• Awareness

environmental safety issues– Poison Oak– Hornet’s nest– Requirements for

Personal Floatation Devices

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

1. Scene Safety

– Checks each member’s minimum PPE

• Helmet• Gloves• Harness

– Establishes a Safe Zone 6’ from edge

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

1. Scene Safety

– Responsible for selecting safe helicopter landing zone.

– Assures an emergency medical plan is in place

– Assures Horseplay does not occur

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

2. System Safety

– Checks each Anchor• Proper anchor

materials• Proper anchor for

situation• Bomb-proof anchor

system• Angles

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

2. System Safety

– Checks each system to the component level

• Knots• Proper carabiners in

use• Carabiners locked• Proper and adequate

edge protection in place

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

2. System Safety

– Checks each System• Adequate MA• Proper overall setup• Proper equipment

used

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

3. Edge Tender Safety

– Edge tender has independent anchor

– Edge tender is tethered before approaching the edge

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

4. Operation Safety

– Assures change-over procedures are conducted in a safe manner.

– Assures adequate medical resources are considered when making search team assignments.

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

4. Operation Safety

– Monitors the entire operation.

– The Safety Officer can stop the operation at any time.

– Monitor vehicle safety: sleepiness and adequate

breaks on convoys.

SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

1. Edge Tender Safety– Edge tender has

independent anchor (may share a bomber anchor point, but may not attach to system anchors)

– Edge tender is tied into an adjustable tether before approaching the edge

– Clears loose rocks and tripping hazards from the edge

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

2. System Safety– Places ropes on

appropriate edge protection

– Assures ropes remain on edge protection.

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

1. Attendant Safety– Assist attendant and

stokes over the edge

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

1. Attendant Safety– Weighting the system

before going over the edge removes slack and stretch in the main line. 20’ of rope in operation, with a 2% stretch, will result in 3”-6” of sudden movement if system is not weighted.• Tightening of knots

• Stretch of rope

• Rigging extension

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

– As attendant goes over the edge, the “Lower slow” used in approaching the edge should be slowed even more,

– The attendant is rotating on a fixed point, neither moving back nor moving down.

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER– Communicates with, and for, the attendant at the edge.

– Halts system 1 meter from edge

Edge Tender Ops Leader“STOP!”

“Why Stop?”“Attendant tension

the system” <attendant weights

system>“Lower slow”

“Lowering slow”“Attendant at the edge”

<attendant rotates over edge>

“Lower slow”

– Provides voice communication between Ops Leader and Attendant to relay changes in speed control

– Observes the path of the rope to detect additional rope hazards requiring edge pro

EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER

Control/Operations Officer

• Once all systems are built and safety checked. Team Leader gives control over to Ops Officer

• Ops officer in charge of communication and operations of all systems

Static Anchor Team

• Navigating to position can be challenging

• Determine static anchor/pre tensioned back tie

• High directional

• Tag line system, raising and lowering

• Install tag line hangers

Reeving Line Team

• Determine anchor

• Determine high directional

• Set up system

• Operate system, raising and lower

Medical officer

• First contact with subject

• Independent rappel line to subject

• While highline is being built medical officer will attend to subject, if access is available

• 8 mm Accessory cord– Attached to independent

anchor– Attached to harness with

Figure-8 on a bight and locking carabiner

• 6 mm prusik cord– Attached to 8mm cord

with prusik– Attached to harness with

Figure-8 on a bight and locking carabiner

ADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASHADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASHADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASHADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASH

HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

LOWERING/BELAY LOWERING/BELAY SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

LOWERING/BELAY LOWERING/BELAY SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

SINGLE PRUSIK LOWERING BELAYSINGLE PRUSIK LOWERING BELAY

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

TANDEM PRUSIK RAISING BELAYTANDEM PRUSIK RAISING BELAY

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

• Hauling without the aid of a system is a Mechanical Advantage of 1:1

• Also known as the Armstrong Method

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

• Our simplest system is the Simple 2:1 Mechanical Advantage

• Components are:– Rope

– One pulley

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

• Our basic haul system is the simple 3:1 Mechanical Advantage

• Components are:– Rope– Two (2) pulleys– One (1) rope grab

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

• With the addition of a single pulley, the 3:1 is converted to a 5:1Mechanical Advantage

• Components are:– Rope– Four (4) pulleys

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

• Piggybacking the simple 2:1 onto the simple 3:1 provides a compound 6:1Mechanical Advantage

• Piggybacking the simple 2:1 onto the simple 5:1 provides a compound 10:1Mechanical Advantage

RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS

REVERSING THE REVERSING THE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

REVERSING THE REVERSING THE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

REVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMS

• Work on only one line at a time

• Change the Main Line first, then the Belay Line

• Wait for direction from the Ops Leader before you do anything.

• Don’t anticipate a change to the system

REVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMS

• Communicate

– Tell the Ops Leader what you are doing,

before you do it

REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE

• Step 1

– Assure you have the equipment you will need

• One Pulley

• One Progress Capture Device (PCD)

REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE

• Step 2

– Lock off your lowering device

REVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMS

• Step 2

– Attach your Progress Capture Device (PCD)

REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE

• Step 3

– Unlock the lowering device and load the PCD

• Step 4– Attach the pulley to the

LRH and rig the pulley

REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE

• Step 5

– Assemble your Haul pulley onto the running end of the rope

• Step6

– Assemble your Rope Grab Device

REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE

• Step 5

– Attach your Rope Grab Device

• Advise Ops Leader,

“Main Line Ready to Haul!”

REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER

• Step 1

– Assure you have the additional equipment you will need

• One Brake Bar Rack

REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER

• Step 2

– Remove the pulley and Rope grab and attach to the anchor plate

-- Lower the Load onto the Progress Capture Device (PCD)

REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER

• Step 3

– Load the lowering device and lock it off

• Step 4– Use the Load Release

Hitch to transfer the load to the lowering device

REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER

• Step 5– Remove the Progress

Capture Device– Retie the LRH

• Step 6– Prepare to Lower

• Advise Ops Leader,

“Main Line Ready to Lower!”

TENSIONING TENSIONING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

TENSIONING TENSIONING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

Forces on a Highline• When tensioning the highline it is important not to over

tension the system• Need to stay within 10:1 SSSF (Static System Safety Factor)• The larger the angle at the mid-point of the highline, the

more the load at the anchors is multiplied

Tensioning Highline

• Static System Safety Factor is a ratio between breaking strength of equipment and applied force (load)

• Team standard is 10:1• Using a rescue load (2kn), 10:1 sssf = 20kn • All equipment in system must have at least a 20kn

rating

• Why use 10:1 SSF• 10:1 sssf covers worst case scenario under a dynamic

situation

What is Worst Case Scenario ?

• In a rescue situation Worst Case Scenario is when rescuer is transitioning over the edge.

3m

1m

2kn load

Belay

1/3 Fall Factor

FallAmount of Rope10kn to 15kn Peak Force

BELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIABELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIA

• British Columbia Council on Technical Rescue

de facto standard

Belay Competence Drop Test Criteria

– 200 kg (440 lb) mass

– 1 meter (3.28 feet) fall

– 3 meters (9.84 feet) rope

– < 1 meter (3.28 feet) arrest distance

– Maximum 15 kN (3,375 lb) peak impact force

This test also calls for the maximum force transmitted through the system to the anchor point to be no greater than 15 kN (3,375 lbf.)

• Edge Transition is the Worst Case Scenario

– Slippage through the belay device

– Tightening of knots– Stretch of rope– Prussic extension– Rigging extension

BELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIABELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIA

Dynamic System Safety Factor

• Peak force under WCS between 10 – 15 kn

• Using a rescue load (2kn), 10:1 SSSF = 20kn

• 10kn peak force/20kn breaking strength = 2:1 DSSF

• 15kn peak force/20kn breaking strength = 1.5:1 DSSF

• Both within 10:SSSF

• Using the Average Dynamic Force formula

Peak force = 12kn

Dynamic System Safety Factor

2kn load

20kn

10:1 sssf 10kn peak force 2:1 dssf

15kn peak force 1.5:1 dssf

• When tensioning the highline it is important not to over tension the system and stay within the 10:1 sssf– Using ½ inch rope rated at 40kn– 10:1 sssf = Max. 4kn load on anchor– Using 7/16 inch rope rated at 30kn– 10:1 sssf = Max. 3kn load on anchor

Tensioning Rules

• One man rule

• Ten % rule

• Fifteen degree rule

• Number of persons rule

Number of Persons Rule

• Pull testing using dynamometers determined with ½” rope total mechanical advantage needed to stay within 10:1 sssf is 18:1

• 7/16” rope 12:1 mechanical advantage needed

Standard Tensioning System

• Compound 6:1, 3:1 acting on a 2:1 in series.

• Need 18:1, total 3 people

Standard Tensioning System

• All anchor points can be on one anchor

• BFT

Pre Tension

• Pre tension before loading the system

• One person pulling hand over hand with 6:1

• No heave ho

Tensioning

• When highline is fully loaded 3 people hand over hand

• No heave ho

• If rescue load, system not loaded until subject and rescuer are on system

MECHANICAL MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEADVANTAGEMECHANICAL MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEADVANTAGE

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Forces we encounter in SAR

• Simple Machines

• Mechanical Advantage of Pulley Systems

• Training Objectives– Participants will understand:

• The Forces we encounter in SAR

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• FORCE

– What is Force

– What types of Force do we encounter

– What are the Units of Force

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• What is Force?

– Force is an external influence that may cause a body to accelerate. It may be experienced as a lift, a push, or a pull.

– Force is a vector. All forces will have a magnitude and direction.

• Forces we encounter in SAR

– Forces due to:• Gravity• Friction• Impulse• Applied Forces

• Gravity• g = 32.2 ft/sec2 = 9.8 m/s2

• F = ma

• F ≈ 0.10197 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 1Newton (N)

• A newton is the amount of force required to accelerate a body with a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared.

• 1 kN = 1,000 N ≈ 224.81 lbf

• Gravity = Weight

– 1 kN = 224.81 lbf

– 80kg (0.8 kN ≈ 1 kN) for a ‘single load’,

– 200kg (440 lbs = 1.95 kN ≈ 2 kN) for a ‘rescue load’

– 280kg (617 lbs = 2.7 kN ≈ 3 kN) for a ‘three-man load’.

• Gravity = Weight

– 1 kN = 224.81 lbf

– 1 Person ≈ 1 kN

– 2 Person ≈ 2 kN

– 3 Person ≈ 3 kN

• Gravity = Weight

– The average rescuer can hold or apply a .2 kN force with one hand (≈ 45 lbs)

– The average rescuer can hold or apply a .4 kN force with two hands (≈ 90 lbs)

– Hauling an rope ‘hand-over-hand’ is applying a force of 45-50 lbs

• Impulse

• Reaction time to a failure or rope movement is 1 sec

• In 1 sec a load will travel 16 feet

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Simple Machines

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Machines are affected by factors such as friction and elasticity

• So the actual mechanical advantage of a simple machine will usually differ from its theoretical value.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Pulley:

• Pulleys change the direction of a tension force on a flexible material, e.g. a rope or cable. In addition, pulleys can be "added together" to create mechanical advantage, by having the flexible material looped over several pulleys in turn. More loops and pulleys increases

the mechanical advantage.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Pulley as a Lever:

• The pulley is a variation of the wheel and axle.

• The size of a pulley does not influence the MA.

• The size of a pulley does influence the efficiency of the pulley.

• The larger the pulley, the more efficient the pulley.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Pulley Types:

• Fixed pulley

– Provides change of direction ONLY

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Pulley Types:

• Movable pulley

– Adds Mechanical Advantage

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Pulley:

• Pulleys change the direction of a tension force on a flexible material, e.g. a rope or cable.

• Pulleys can be "added together" to create mechanical advantage, by having the flexible material looped over several pulleys in turn.

• More loops and pulleys can increase the mechanical advantage.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

Pulley Efficiency:

• Two factors determine a pulley's efficiency:– Sheave size: the large the sheave diameter, the

higher the efficiency.

– Bushings and bearings: self-lubricating bushings are efficient, but they must be regularly maintained.Ball bearings are very efficient and since they are sealed, they do not require any maintenance.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Effective pulley systems must always have one side anchored and the other side attached to the moving load, known as the anchor side and the load side. There must be something to pull against

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• The longest distance a pulley system can be stretched, the distance from the anchored pulley to the moving pulley, is called the stroke.

• The longer the stroke, the more useful the MA system.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Pulling the system down to its smallest stroke is called compression.

• It is called de-set when the system is compressed so it will expand again when using the MA system as the Decent Control Device (DCD) to lower a load rather than to raise it.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Extension means to pull out a pulley system to its longest stroke. Re-set in when the system is extended again during raising operations and another haul segment is made on the main line.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• All anchored pulleys are Change Of Direction (COD) only.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Pulleys that move with a load (unanchored pulleys) are simple machines that gain advantage.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Pulley systems are either simple, compound or complex.

• Compound pulley systems are made up of at least two simple pulley systems.

• Complex pulley systems are made up of at least one simple pulley system and at least one compound pulley system.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• If the terminal end of a haul line is attached to the anchor, the simple pulley system will be EVEN

• 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 248:1

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• If the terminal end of a haul line is attached to the anchor, the simple pulley system will be EVEN

• 1:1, 3:1, 5:1, 115:1

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Simple pulley systems have a greater stroke than compound pulley systems of the same MA.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• Mechanical Advantage

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

• The Mechanical Advantage of a pulley system can be expressed as a ratio.

• It is the ratio of the amount of force that must be applied to a haul line to move a load, divided by the weight of the object that must be moved.

• It is the ratio of the weight of the object that must be moved to the amount of force that must be applied to move it.

• 2:1 = 2 Units of output force will result from 1 Unit of input force

• Tomorrow 07:30

• 24 hour packs– Helmet– Harness– Gloves– Orange Shirts / Green pants– Lunch– Water– Rain Gear

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HANDS ON HANDS ON PRACTICEPRACTICE

DEMODEMO&&

HANDS ON HANDS ON PRACTICEPRACTICE