ricardian land rent model-ppt
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Urban Economics
Prof. J. M. PogodzinskiLecture 11
Ricardian Land Rent Model Corn prices determined in national
market; taken as given by farmers.Price the same everywhere.
Zero economic profit. Free entry intofarming.
Land varies in fertility Landowners rent land to the highest
bidder Zero transport cost
Higher Fertility Lowers Cost of Production
Bushels
£
AC-High Fertility
MC – High Fertility
AC - Low
MC - low
Higher Prices = Higher Land Rent
Bushels
£
AC – High Fertility
MC – High Fertility
Q0
P0
AC0
P1
Q1
AC1
Higher Prices = More Land Used in Production
Bushels
£
AC – Low Fertility
MC – Low Fertility
P0
P1
Q1
Leftover Principle• In equilibrium, land rent equals the
excess of total revenue over non-landcosts – landowner gets the leftover
• Increase in price of corn increases landrent to the point where farmers againhave zero profits
• Increase in price of corn brings moreland into production
• Price of land is high because price ofcorn is high; high land prices don’tcause high corn prices
Who Gains from Tariffs? Not farmers – zero profits before and
after Not consumers – they pay higher
price for corn Landowners – paid higher rents; land
increases in value
Von Thünen – Land Rent andAccessibility
Corn is transported by farmer tocentral market town, farmer paysshipping cost
All land is equally productive Price of corn and inputs is determined
in national markets, so farmers takeprices as given. Prices are the samein all locations.
Free entry; zero profits in equilibrium.
No substitution between land andother inputs in production• Fixed inputs [fixed proportions
production function] – one acre of landwith fixed number of other inputsproduce Q bushels of corn
• PQ = Revenue• C = costs of non-land inputs• R = land rent per acre (use one acre)• x = distance to market• t = cost of shipping one bushel one mile• tQx = transport cost
Bid-Rent Function The bid-rent function shows the
maximum amount that will be paidfor a unit of land at a given location
Profit = PQ – C – tQx – R = 0 Bid-Rent Function: R = PQ – C – tQx Land rent declines with distance to
marketplace because farmers arewilling to pay more for land withlower shipping costs.
Market Area = x*
$
x = distance to market
PQ = totalrevenue
C = non-land costs
C + tQx = non-landcosts + shipping cost
R = Land Rent
x*0
Bid-Rent Function Interpretation
R
x = distance from market1 mile 2 miles0
Bid-Rent Function with Substitutionbetween Land and Other Inputs
L = Acres of Land Profit = PQ – C – tQx – RL Bid-Rent Function =
xLtQ
LCPQ
LtQxCPQR
Substitution between Land and OtherInputs in Production
Land
OtherInputs
Fixed Proportions
Standard Isoquant
PerfectSubstitutes
Effect of Substitution Possibilities onBid-Rent Function
R
x = Distance to marketx*
Effect of Substitution Possibilities onBid-Rent Function
R
x = Distance to market
Increase in Output Price (P) or Declinein Other Input Cost (C)
R
x = Distance to market
Decrease in Shipping Cost (t)
R
x = Distance to market
Land Rent or Land Value? Most models are static. Rents do not
change over time.
In general,
In equilibrium: t is infinite
n
tt
tiRValue
0 1
iR
iRValue
n
tt
0 1∞
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