revisiting uganda’s inorganic fertilizer supply chain swaibu mbowa maaif agricultural input...
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Revisiting Uganda’s Inorganic Fertilizer Supply Chain
Swaibu Mbowa
MAAIF
Agricultural Input Quality in Uganda – New Research, Private Sector Solutions & Policy Directions Protea Hotel, 16 September 2015
Are Farmers in Uganda able to Access & Use inorganic Fertilizer of the Right Quality?
Outline of Presentation
•Methodology•Study Finding
Moisture contentRe-packaging effectsNutrient content
•Conclusions •Way Forward
Regions -2 Districts Purposively Selected Based on Level of Fertilizer Use: Central [Kampala; Masaka]Eastern [Mbale; Kapchorwa]Northern [lira; Gulu]Western [Kisoro; Masindi]
Importers/WholesalersRandomly Picked 4 Firms (Kampala)
Retailers (Agro-input Dealers)
3 shops per district
Category MAAIF Registered UNADA members Unregistered (illicit)
Methodology
Targeted Commonly used Fertilizers:
UreaDAP NPKMOP CAN
Samples procured by disguised research team from each category: MAAIF registered
UNADA MembersUnregistered (Illicit)
Transported to Laboratory at MAK immediately & Stored
in safe place awaiting analysis
A Follow-up Team visits similar shop(s) for additional
information
Methodology Cont……
Study Findings - Results
Moisture Content
Recommeded
Importer Retailer (Stockist)
Re-packed (Retail)
1.5
1.85 1.92
2.18
Figure 1: Recorded Average Moisture Content of fertilizers
Mois
ture
Con
ten
t (%
)
Acceptable Range of 0.5-1.5% [Draft Fertilizer Control Regulations, 2012].
Weight of Bulky Samples(50kg Bag) Permissible ±0.5 kg
weight range
Importer Retail
49.8 50.0 48.4 43.4
52.0 54.4
Range Weight of 50 kg Fertilizer Bags
Mean Min Max
Moisture & Weight Compliancy
Importers Illicit MAAIF UNADA -
20
40
60
80
100
33 35
20 32
Proportion of Compliant Bulky(50kg) Samples
Supply Chain Actor
Perc
enta
ge (
%)
6 of the 12 bulky Samples from
Importers were Compliant
CAN
DAP
DAPDAP
DAP
MOP
NPK
NPK
NPK
Urea
Urea
Urea
01
23
4M
ois
ture
Con
ten
t (%
)
48 49 50 51 52
Weight (Kg)
IMPORTED FERTILIZERS
Nutrient Content Value indicated on the Label Compared with Analytical
Content
Nitrogen Content in Urea & DAP
KamMas
MasMbaKap
Gul
KamMas
MasMbaKap
Gul
ImpImpImpImp
Reta
iler (
Smal
l 1-2
kg p
...Re
taile
r (50
Kg
...Im
port
ers (
50kg
...
45.745.3
34.746.5
40.242.541.7
52.4
046.2
4646.647.245.645.4
46.6
0
42.541.7
43.842.2
43.3
06
45.847.8
4645.8
5547.8
0
41.744.444.145.7
42.543.3
14.2
047.8
43.545.4
464647.8
44.6
044.2
4646.7
Urea
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT
% N KampalaMasaka
KisiroMasindi
MbaleKapchorwa
Lira Gulu
KampalaMasaka
KisiroMasindi
MbaleKapchorwa
Lira Gulu
Importer-MImporter-NImporter-OImporter-Q
Reta
iler
(50 K
g b
ag)
15.0
15.4
8.5
17.3
15.8
11.8
-
2.4
14.2
17.3
17.3
16.9
15.8
14.2
-
7.1
17.3
19.3
11.0
17.3
-
12.4
7.1
20.6
9.1
15.7
18.7
-
20.1
6.3
19.7
16.2
52.8
-
19.4
16.5
21.5
7.9
17.5
18.1
-
18.2
17.2
18.0
18.7 DAP
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT% N
Acceptable Min Range: Urea - 45-46% DAP - 18%
KMKiMMKLG
KMKiMMKLG
II
ImIm
Reta
iler
(50
Kg
bag
)
15.8
10.2
18.9
12.6
16.5
11.8
12.6
0
14.8
8.5
3.6
0
0
13.4
10.2
17.3
15
0
12.1
8.5
4.8
7.3
0
8.7
13.4
10.2
13.4
0
14.6
7.9
9.7
10.9
0
9.4
7.3
6
8.9
NPK 17:17:17
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT
Nitrogen Content in NPK 17:17:17
& CAN
Masaka
Masindi
Kapchorwa
Gulu
Masaka
Masindi
Kapchorwa
Gulu
Importer-N
Importer-Q
Ret
ailer
(50 K
g b
ag)
19.7
9.4
8.5
12.1
2.4
11.5
18.9
13.6
0
10.3
9.7
0
11.1
0
8.7
0
CAN
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT% N
Acceptable Min Range: NPK 17:17:17 –
17% CAN - 26%
Conclusions:• A farmer purchasing a 50kg fertilizer bag from an Agro-
input dealer across the country is likely to pick a bag:below or above the threshold weight (of 49.5 kg); & with moisture levels above the recommended threshold range
(between 0.5-1.5percent).
• The inconsistencies in nutrient content are more prevalent with DAP, NPK and CAN fertilizers.
• It is difficult to underpin the most critical level where fertilizer quality is tampered with because deviations in quality were widespread along the entire supply chain.
• Re-packaging fertiliser is justifiable on grounds that it enables small-holder farmers to access fertiliser. However, the practice leads to
Moistening; and loss of nutrient like nitrogen in the fertilizer.
Way Forward• Possibility of Re-packaging (1-2kg packs) to be
undertaken by fertiliser manufacturer (like sugar)! Has cost implications?
• The fertiliser inspection department at MAAIF needs to be strengthened enough to impose controls & regulations along the fertiliser supply chain.
• The three fertiliser policy documents: Fertiliser Policy, Regulations, and Strategy
• Adopted by MAAIF’s TPM need to be approved & operationalized by government
Summary of Findings• Existing gaps in the regulatory and control system inhibit
enforcement of proper handling and storage of fertilizers by key players.
• Key players include: importers, wholesalers, and retailers in the fertilizer supply chain.
• The effect: farmers are not guaranteed access to fertilizer of the right quality.
• Fertilizer samples procured from both MAAIF registered Agro-input dealers and illicit trading shops revealed that low quality fertilizers in terms of moisture content and weight are on the Ugandan market.
• The fertilizer quality inspection department in MAAIF should be strengthened in order to enable it to impose controls and regulations along the entire fertilizer supply chain.
Farmers being helped by Men in Uniform need Quality
Fertilizer among other key inputs to increase
agricultural Productivity in Uganda
The “Rain-fed revolution” has Failed
Let us try the “Green Revolution”
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
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