revision tov and lon

PRE COMMON TEST

Answering Inference questions for SBQ

STEPS AND EXAMPLE (TEMPLATE)Step 1: FocusStudy SourceIdentify what the question wants you to focus on and infer

Step 2: EvidenceGather evidence/ clues from the cartoon and caption

Step 3 Infer/ Interpret

Contextual knowledge:

Source A Rioting mobs in the German capital over the diktat and betrayal of Germany.

STEPS AND EXAMPLESBQ Question (a)

Step 1: FocusStudy SourceIdentify what the question wants you to focus on and infer

Infer from the cartoon issues regarding the Treaty of Versailles

Step 2: EvidenceGather evidence/ clues from the cartoon and caption

Step 3 Infer/ Interpret

Large numbers of people were gathered at the Berlin capital; some were carrying placards, with words written in German, to protest against the TOV

Mass demonstration by the German people to express their anger or to show their opposition to the TOV

Provenance tells us that they felt they had no choice but to agree to the harsh terms forced on them by the Allies. That is why the Germans called it a diktat or dictated peace.

The German people felt humiliated and betrayed by their govt for signing the Treaty that was not agreeable to them.

Contextual knowledge: The Germans were resentful of the Treaty and felt betrayed by the Weimar Government who signed the Treaty

Answering Reliability questions for SBQ

Answering SEQ

PointElaborate EvidenceExplainLink

1) Introduction

Oversleeping is ONE OF THE reasons why people are late, however, there are also other reasons.

2) GIVEN FACTOR

- Point: Oversleeping- Elaborate/evidence: oversleeping meant that

people waking up at a time later than the time they are supposed to.

- Explain: When people wake up at a time later than the time they are supposed to, they delay the time which they will leave the house.

- Link: Therefore, when people overslept, they delay the time of leaving the house, causing them to be late.

3) ALTERNATIVE FACTOR 1

- Point: LRT break down- Elaborate/evidence: LRT is the main way of

transport for most Greenridgeans to come to school. LRT break down would mean that most Greenridgeans will be delayed at the LRT stations.

- Explain: When the LRT breaks down, it will not ferry Greendridgeans to school at the correct time. It will stop service and students are unable to come to school on time.

- Link: Therefore, when the LRT breaks down, students will have difficulties coming to school, causing them to be late.

4) ALTERNATIVE FACTOR 2

- Point: traffic jam- Elaborate/evidence: if there is a traffic

jam, cars and buses can not bring greenridgeans to school on time

- Explain: This is because cars and buses can be stuck in a jam for more than an hour

- Link: Therefore, when there is a traffic jam, students are not able to reach school on time.

5) Balanced conclusion

- Comparing all sources, oversleeping might be the most common and main reason for why greenridgeans are late for school. This is because if students leave their homes early, there will be lesser possibility of a traffic jam. Also, the number of times the LRT breaks down is only less than 5 times a term. Based on records, the number of times which students are late because of oversleeping is much higher than the other two reasons. Therefore, oversleeping is the main reason for why greenridgeans are often late for school.

Treaty of Versailles

3 main aims1. Keeping Germany weak2. Getting compensation for Allies3. Allowing self-determination

Did not want Germany to attack France again

Wanted to cripple Germany as a military power

Wanted to ‘get back’ on Germany for making France suffer terribly during the warGeorges Clemenceau

France Prime Minister

Wanted Germany to be punished

But worry that if they punished Germany too hard, another war might start

Been elected by British people to make sure Germany pay a high price

David Lloyd GeorgeBritain Prime Minister

Wanted a peace that would be fair and cause least resentment

Germany should be punished, but not too much

Fourteen PointsWorld peaceSelf- determinationLeague of NationWoodrow Wilson

USA President

Self determination of peoples.Arms reduction.Non punishment.Formation of the League of Nations.Freedom of the Seas.No secret treaties.Free and open trade.

Guilt Army Reparations Germany lost lands League of Nations Extras

Many Germans disliked this treaty as German reps were not involved in the discussions which led to it

Germany had no choice but to agree to the terms forced on it by the Allies

Diktat or dictated peace War Guilt Clause 231: Germany accepted blame ‘for

causing all the loss and damage’ of the war.

Guilt

Effects for Germans: Be blamed for the war Pay for all loss and damages Fully responsible for payments and blames

Guilt

The German armed forces forced to cut back

Army : Not more than 100,000 men No airforce or submarines Small number of ships Rhineland was to be demilitarised

permanently Stripped of all troops and fortifications and

occupied by Allied Forces for 15 years

Army

Effects for Germans Unable to defend themselves Humiliated as they have an army that is

smaller than new nations

Army

Germany and its allies to be blamed for WWI. War reparations – £6,600,000,000£6,600,000,000

Many Germans were more angry at this war Many Germans were more angry at this war guilt clause than any other part of the treatyguilt clause than any other part of the treaty

Because of this, Germany was made to pay Because of this, Germany was made to pay the enormous sum of £6,600 million – an the enormous sum of £6,600 million – an enormous sumenormous sum

Reparations

Effects for Germans Might take Germany up to 50 years before the Might take Germany up to 50 years before the

sum was paid in fullsum was paid in full Accused France of wanting to “starve their Accused France of wanting to “starve their

children”children” Resources/ food shortagesResources/ food shortages

Reparations

Alsace-Lorraine – FranceEupen and Malmedy – BelgiumNorthern Schleswig – Denmark

Polish Corridor and Upper Silesa-- PolandBaltic port of Danzig – League of Nations

Germany lost all its colonies: In Africa, Asia and In Africa, Asia and South PacificSouth Pacific

Given to Britain, France and their alliesGiven to Britain, France and their allies League of Nations was to ensure smooth League of Nations was to ensure smooth

administrationadministration

Germany Lost lands

In addition, Germany had to hand over the Saar coalfields to the League of nations for 15 years

Profits given to France as part of the reparations

At the end of 15 years, people to decide their own future

Effects for Germans: Humiliated to lose lands Lose population, land and resources

that are important economically to Germany: they can use profits to pay reparations and rebuild Germany

Set up of League Of Nations (LON) –10 January 1920

TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919

League of Nations

Effects for Germans: Felt that the League of nations was

biased and unfair for rejecting Germany membership

Germany has no say or not part to play in world matters- this angered Germany

FORBID Anschluss: Germany forbidden to unite with German-speaking Austria

TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919

Extras

Effects for Germans: Lost German-speaking allies Cannot build up power

Can’t the TOV be harsher to Germany? The harsher it is the better!! I like…

I think we should punish them!!

But isn’t it too harsh for them? Will they come back for

revenge?

14 points! 14 points!Self-determination!Let them decide themselves!

Britain gained some German colonies and the German navy was destroyed but:

Lloyd George thought the treaty was too harsh, saying: "We shall have to fight another war again in 25 years time."

The British diplomat Harold Nicolson called it: "neither just nor wise" and the people who made it: "stupid".

The economist John Maynard Keynes prophesied that reparations would ruin the economy of Europe.

France got Alsace-Lorraine, German colonies, harsh reparations and a tiny German army but:

Many French people wanted an independent, not a demilitarised, Rhineland.

Most French people did not think the League of Nations would protect them against Germany.

Woodrow Wilson got the League of Nations, and new nation-states were set up in Eastern Europe but:

Wilson thought the treaty was far too harsh.Self-determination proved impossible to

implement - neither Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia survived as united countries.

Many Americans did not want to get involved in Europe, and in 1920 the American Senate refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles, or join the League of Nations.

League of Nations

Encourage co-operation

Keep the peace

Reducearmament

Improve living conditions

AIMS of LON

Safeguard the independence of

other nations

Safeguard the independence of

other nations

STRENGTHS

Health Committee

Financial HelpRefugee

commission

Working conditions

Slavery commission

1.Slow decision making2.Lack of army3.USA’s refusal to joining4.Self-interest of member

nations

1) Slow decision making

All decision had to be unanimous (agreed by everyone)

Slow to meet and make decisions

Slow decision making The League of Nations had a structure where every single country had to

agree in order to get something done. This meant SLOW progress.

A picture of the leaders who represented the countries of the League

“We should ban them from

trading with us!”

“I think that’s too harsh!”

“Lets deal with the problem

straight away!”

“Lets wait and give it more time!”

“We should do it this

way.”

“No we shouldn’t.

Lets do it my way!”

Such arguments meant that it took long periods of time to get

anything done.

1) Slow decision making

This meant that when the League faced major problems, it simply could not act effectively

Evidence: In both Abyssinia and Manchuria, Italy and Japan occupied the countries before the League could act. with speed.

1) Slow decision making

Aims not met: Keep the peace Encourage cooperation between countries Safeguard the independence of other

nations

1) Slow decision making

The League of Nations failed due to its weak organization. As decisions had to be agreed by everyone, it was a slow process. This made the league weak as they were unable to resolve problems quickly and in Abyssinia and Manchuria, their weakness in acting against aggressor countries, hindered their aims of keeping peace, and safeguarding the independence of other nations.

2) Lack of Army

The league of Nations did not have any army and this made it weak

The league could only ask member nations for soldiers, but they would not always help

2) Lack of Army

This meant that the league could not use its power of military sanctions

And it could not attack countries such as Japan and Italy when they broke the rules.

2) Lack of Army

Without a body to enforce decisions made by the League, member countries became bold as they were certain that the League would not resort to force.

They disobeyed laws set by the league and continued to expand their lands by conquest.

2) Lack of Army

Aims not metKeep the peaceSafeguard the independence of

other nations

2) Lack of Army

Therefore, the League of Nations failed because of the lack of armed forces since it meant that the League does not have a mechanism from achieving peace and cooperation among its member nations.

3) USA’s refusal to join

The fact that the USA, the superpower, would not join made the League look weak.

Also, the fact that the USA was not a member meant that economic sanctions would not work because the USA would go on trading with countries such as Italy and Japan if the League imposed sanctions.

The USA would also have been a good leader of the League and made decision making and sanctions more effective.

3) USA’s refusal to join

This meant that the League of Nations could not get support from all its member nations.

3) USA’s refusal to join

Aims not met:Keep the peaceEncourage cooperation between countries

3) USA’s refusal to join

Therefore, USA’s refusal to join the League made the League of Nations weak and ineffective for organizing all nations. They were unable to encourage cooperation between the countries and could not fully implement laws to keep the peace.

4) The self interest of member nations

The member nations of the League were not always willing to act beyond their own self-interest.

4) The self interest of member nations

The British and French would not stop Italy invading Abyssinia because they wanted to trade with Italy and keep it as a friend in any war with Germany.

The British was also unwilling to act against Japan in Manchuria as that will cause problems to the British colonies in Asia.

4) The self interest of member nations

During the Great Depression in 1929, countries were unwilling to take action such as imposing economic sanctions because this would have cost them money and jobs.

4) The self interest of member nations

Aims not met:Keep the peaceEncourage cooperation between countries

4) The self interest of member nations

This shows that the League was not united, had varied aims and did not share a common goal of establishing peace.

For their own interest of improving their country’s economy, member nations were unable to unite and resolve problems together. Hence, the self-interest of member nations is one of the weaknesses of the League of Nations.

The Rabbit. "My offensive equipment being practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate him with the power of my eye.“ Punch Magazine 1920