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Chapter 1 – Scientific MethodChapter 1 – Scientific Method

• Defn: Scientific Method – The orderly and universally accepted ___________________________________________________

• 6 steps – Do all need to be followed exactly each time

• What is the goal?

– _______________

– _______________

– _______________

The The six steps of the scientific six steps of the scientific methodmethod

1) Ask _______________

2) Form ______________

3) Test _______________

4) Analyze ____________

5) State a _____________

6) ____________________

Scientific MethodScientific Method

1) Ask A Question – Good questions come from _________________. Observations are only useful if they are accurately made and recorded.

–Tools to assist in observation•Sight, Hearing, Tasting, Smelling, Touching, microscopes, telescopes, graduated cylinders, clocks, rulers, stethoscope, x-ray, etc.

•Question – Prior to medical testing how did doctors check for diabetes

Scientific MethodScientific Method

2) Form a Hypothesis – ________________

You must think logically and creatively

Can you have different hypotheses for the same problem? - answer yes

_____________ Statements

Scientific MethodScientific Method3) Test the Hypothesis

a) ______________ Experiment – ____ variable

1) Defn: Variable – a factor ________________

2) ____________________________________.

3) ‘If – Then’ statements – defines the variable

4) Collect the Data

5) Law of large numbers (number of tested groups or the number of times an experiment is repeated)

Scientific MethodScientific Method

4) Analyze the Results

– ______________ (tables, graphs)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

East

West

North

Scientific MethodScientific Method

• 5) Draw Conclusions – Do the _______• _______________________________.

– If Not? What have you accomplished? You have proven and learned that the hypothesis is wrong.

• Options

• Repeat• Find another explanation for what you have

observed

Scientific MethodScientific Method

6) Communicate the results – How?

___________________

___________________

___________________

Scientific MethodScientific Method

What is a theory –

A theory is a __________________________

____________________________________

Tools of the Life ScientistTools of the Life Scientist

• Tools for Seeing– Compound Light Microscope (upto 1000x)

• Tube with lenses• Ocular lens (maybe 10x)• Objective lenses (maybe 4x, 10x, 100x)• Stage• Light

* use dyes to assist in seeing certain structures better

Higher Level Technologies for Higher Level Technologies for SeeingSeeing

• Electron Microscope (__________x-__________x)

• X-rays

• CT scans & MRI

Tools for MeasuringTools for Measuring

• Rulers

• Graduated cylinders

• Scales – triple beam balance

• Thermometers

• Clock

Tools for CalculatingTools for Calculating

• Computers

• Calculators

Linear Measurement (length)Linear Measurement (length)

• The shortest distance between 2 points is a straight line

• Measured with a ruler, meter stick, tape measure, lasers, sonar

• In Science – ALWAYS use the ___________ (no inches)– NEVER use ___________ (only decimals)

Metric System (for length)Metric System (for length)

• Measured in meters

• How big is 1 centimeter (cm.)– Answer – about the width (side to side) of

__________________

– How big is a meter – about the height of a mailbox or an average 3rd grader

• Kilometer (km) ______ m

• Meter (m) 1 m• Decimeter (dm) ______ m

• Centimeter (cm) ______m

• Millimeter (mm) ______m

• What would you measure in;

1) kilometers

2) meters

3) centimeters

4) millimeters

5) nanometers

?

• There are 10 mm in ____ cm

• There are 100 cm in ____ m

• There are 1000 mm in _____ m

Calculating AreaCalculating Area

Area is the measure of ________________

___________________________________

• Area = ______ x ______ of a rectangle

• _____ x _____ if it’s a square

Don’t forget the unitsDon’t forget the units

Don’t forget the units

7 cm x 2 cm = ______

(______________)

8 cm

9 cm

Area = 8 cm x 9 cm = _______

Calculating Volume of a SolidCalculating Volume of a SolidVolume is the ___________________________________________________________________.

• Volume = ______ x ______ x ______ for a rectangle or square

• Always measured in cm3

or m3

** If its an irregular object use a graduated cylinder and measure ___________________

Don’t forget the unitsDon’t forget the units

cm x cm x cm = _____

(______________)

5 cm

10 cm

7 cm

Volume = 10 cm x 5 cm x 7 cm = _______

Metric System (for Metric System (for liquid liquid volume)volume)

• Use a graduated cylinder• Measured in ________

______ milliliters is 1 liter

1 milliliter of liquid is about the amount that would fill a pen cap.

1 liter of water is the size of a supersized soda.

Using a graduated cylinderUsing a graduated cylinder

• Must be on a flat surface• Raise or lower your head

so that your eyes are at the level of the liquid

• Read from the _____ of the meniscus

• The meniscus is ______ ____________________

_______________ inside the graduated cylinder

25 ml

23 mlx

Measuring the volume of an Measuring the volume of an irregular solidirregular solid

** 1 ml of liquid is equivalent to 1 cm3 of solid

1 ml = ___ cm3

10 ml

18 ml

Place the irregular object into the already partially filled graduated cylinder and _______________

________________________________________ (What’s the change in the measured volume from before the object is in the water vs. afterwards)

Metric System (for Metric System (for massmass))• Measured with a _________________________________• Uses _______ (__) as the units

Mass is the ______________________________________. It

does not change with the object’s __________.

Mass is different than weight.

Weight is a measure of ______________________________

1) Read the middle (hundreds)bar first.

2) Read the top or the rear bar (tens) second.

3) Read the bottom or closest bar (ones) last. Read this one with its decimal (3.5).

4) Add all the numbers togetherto get the final mass in grams.

ie. 300 + 50 + 3.6 = 353.6 g

Metric System (for Metric System (for temperature)temperature)

• 2 options

• Celsius (°C) -_______ is absolute zero __________ the freezing point of water

__________ is the boiling point of waterComfortable room temperature is around 37 °C

• Kelvin (°K)_____ °K is absolute zero

273 °K = 0 °C freezing point of water 373 °K = 100 °C boiling point of water

Absolute Zero is the temperature at which all movement including atomic movement stops.

MicroscopeMicroscope

• Coarse focus

• Fine focus

• Stage

• Light

• Ocular lens

• Objective lenses

• Diaphragm

Microscope continuedMicroscope continued

• Ocular lens magnifies 10x

• To get the magnification multiply the magnification ____________ with the magnification of the ______________.

• 10 x 4 = 40 mag.

• 10 x 10 = 100 mag.

• 10 x 40 = 400 mag.

Microscope UseMicroscope Use1) Carry with both hands2) Start on the lowest power (4x) 3) Focus with the coarse adjustment4) Keep both eyes open when viewing5) Use the fine focus to fine tune the image6) Center the image7) Switch to medium power8) Focus with the fine focus9) Goto high power10) NEVER use coarse focus on high power. You will break the

slide and scratch the lens11) When done return the objective lens to its lowest setting and

turn off the light source

VocabularyVocabulary

• life science – the study of living things• scientific method – a series of steps that

scientists use to answer a question or solve a problem

• hypothesis-• controlled experiment-• variable• theory• technology

VocabularyVocabulary

• compound light microscope

• electron microscope

• area

• volume

• mass

• temperature