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Return to Majapahit:Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java
EASA 2020Lisbon, 21-24 July 2020
Roberto RizzoCultural and Social Anthropology
Department of Human Sciences
University of Milan – Bicocca, Italy
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2Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
● Towards a “Buddhist” lithic materiality
● Rurality between aestheticization and identity politics
→ How do shrines participate in this wider process of [1] Buddhification/Theravadization and of [2] reifi-cation of a peasant “Javanese culture”?
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3Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Temanggung, Central Java
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4Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Buddhism in the Indonesian “rush hour of the gods” (1)
● Global Theosophy and local mysticism
● Revitalization narrative
● Majapahit and nationalism
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5Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
● Between Chinese-ness and Javanese-ness
● Neither Theravada nor Mahayana?
● Buddhayana and “national Buddhism”
Buddhism in the Indonesian “rush hour of the gods” (2)
Ashin Jinarakkhita
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6Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
● 1950s-1960s – The trails of power and family allegiance
Buddhism in Temanggung
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7Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
● 1950s-1960s – The trails of power and family allegiance
● 1960s – How to Buddhify a village
Buddhism in Temanggung
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8Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
● 1950s-1960s – The trails of power and family allegiance
● 1960s – How to Buddhify a village
● 1980s – Ascendance of Sangha Theravada Indonesia (STI)
Buddhism in Temanggung
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9Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The lithic and the mythic
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10Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The lithic and the mythic
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11Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The lithic and the mythic
Candi Liyangan
Candi Sepanjang
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12Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The lithic and the mythic
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13Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Devotion in-between
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14Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Devotion in-between
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15Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Devotion in-between
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16Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Devotion in-between
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17Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Devotion in-between
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18Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan
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19Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan
● “Like reigniting the times of Majapahit”
● “We worship at shrines to create a 'compact village'”
● “The aim is to implement the program jangka panjang”
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20Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan
→ Essentialization through lithic aestheticism
→ Phenomenology of the communal gaze: to see and to be seen
→ Eco-tourism, spiritual tourism. Coffee, stones, Buddhas.
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21Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
The politics and aesthetics of wisatawan
→ Essentialization through lithic aestheticism
→ Phenomenology of the communal gaze: to see and to be seen
→ Eco-tourism, spiritual tourism. Coffee, stones, Buddhas.
→ Rhizomatic Buddhism
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22Return to Majapahit. Buddhist “garden shrines” in contemporary rural Java.
Thank you!
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abeysekara, A. (2019) Protestant Buddhism and 'Influence'. The Temporality of a Concept, in Qui Parle 28 (1): 1-75. Ashley, S. (2013) Narrating Identity and Belonging. Buddhist Authenticity and Contested Ethnic Marginalization in the Mountains of Northern Thailand, in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 28 (1): 1-35. Brown, I. (1987) Contemporary Indonesian Buddhism and Monotheism, in Journal of Sotheast Asian Studies 18 (1): 108-117. Chia, J. (2018) Neither Mahayana Nor Theravada. Ashin Jinarakkhita and the Indonesian Buddhayana Movement, in History of Religions 58 (1): 24-63. Degroot, V. (2017) The Liangan Temple Site in Central Java, in Archipel 94: 191-209. Keane, W. (2008) The Evidence of The Senses and the Materiality of Religion, in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14: 110-127. Kitiarsa, P. (2010) Missionary Intent and Monastic Networks: Thai Buddhism as a Transnational Religion, in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 25 (1): 109-132. Meyer, B. & van de Port M. (2018) Sense and Essence. Heritage and the Cultural Production of the Real. New York: Berghan Books. Morgan, D. (2012) The Embodied Eye. Religious Visual Culture and the Social Life of Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press. Sobary, M. (2017) Perlawan Politik dan Puitik Petani Tembakau Temanggung. Yogyakarta: Gramedia. Tollenaere, H. (1996) The Politics of Divine Wisdom. Theosophy and Labour in Indonesia and South Asia 1875-1947. Leiden: UKUN.
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