respiratory system biol 105 lecture 18 chapter 14
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Respiratory System
Biol 105
Lecture 18
Chapter 14
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Outline - Respiratory System
I. Function of the respiratory system
II. Parts of the respiratory system
III. Mechanics of breathing
IV. Regulation of breathing
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Respiratory system Function
The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide.
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The Respiratory System
Figure 14.1
Breathing moves airin and out of the lungs.
External respirationis the exchange ofoxygen and carbondioxide between thelungs and the blood.
Internal respiration isthe exchange of oxygenand carbon dioxidebetween blood and thebody tissues.
Gas transportmoves oxygen andcarbon dioxidebetween the lungsand the body tissues.
TissueGas diffusion Gas diffusion
Oxygentransport
Carbondioxide
transportLungs
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This type of tissue covers and lines body parts
1. Connective
2. Epithelial
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Connective
Epithelia
l
Muscl
e
Nervous
25% 25%25%25%
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Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells. The cilia sweeps mucus, germs and debris toward the throat.
Mucus produced by goblet cells.
Smoking damages the ciliated cells
8-4
Cells lining respiratory tract
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The Respiratory System
Figure 14.4a
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Ciliated cells in respiratory tract
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The Respiratory System
Figure 14.3
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The Respiratory System
Figure 14.2 (1 of 2)
Nasal cavity• Produces mucus• Filters, warms, andmoistens air• Olfaction
Pharynx• Passageway forair and food
Sinuses• Cavities in skull• Lighten head• Warm and moistenair
Intercostalmuscles Diaphragm
• Muscle sheet betweenchest and abdominalcavities with a role inbreathing
UPPER RESPIRATORYSYSTEM
RESPIRATORYMUSCLES • Cause breathing
• Filters, warms, andmoistens air
• Move ribs during breathing
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The Respiratory System
Figure 14.2 (2 of 2)
Epiglottis• Covers larynx duringswallowing
Bronchi• Two branches oftrachea that conductair from trachea toeach lung
Bronchioles• Narrow passagewaysto conduct air frombronchi to alveoli
Lungs• Structures that containalveoli and airpassageways• Allow exchange ofoxygen and carbondioxide betweenatmosphere and blood
Alveoli• Microscopic chambersfor gas exchange
Trachea• Connects larynx withbronchi leading toeach lung• Conducts air to andfrom bronchi
Larynx• Air passageway• Prevents food and drinkfrom entering lowerrespiratory system• Produces voice
LOWER RESPIRATORYSYSTEM• Exchanges gases
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Functions:
1. filters the air
2. warms the air
3. moisten the air entering the lungs
4. smell (which also plays a role in the sense of taste)
8-3
1. Nasal cavity
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Parts of the nasal cavity:
Mucus membranes - secrete sticky mucus to trap germs & debris.
Contains olfactory receptor cells for the sense of smell
Sinuses – air filled cavities, warm and moisten air
8-3
1. Nasal cavity
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Functions - is a passageway for air, liquids, and food. (swallowing begins here). Connects the nasal cavity to the esophagus and the larynx
Tonsils are found here – lymphatic tissue that protects against infection
8-4
2. Pharynx
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Functions
1. Connects the pharynx to the trachea
2. Contains vocal cords used to generate sound
3. Prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
8-4
3. Larynx
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Structure made from cartilage
Epiglottis closes the trachea when swallowing
8-4
3. Larynx
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Windpipe held open by concentric rings of cartilage
Function – Connects the larynx to the bronchi.
8-4
4. Trachea
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Trachea leads to the bronchial tree:
5. Bronchi (bronchus)
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli (alveolus)
8-4
Bronchial Tree
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The Respiratory System
Figure 14.7
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Sacs at the end of the bronchioles, they are surrounded by blood capillaries .
Function: It is here that the oxygen diffuses across the membrane into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide goes from the capillaries to the inside of the lungs.
8-6
7. Alveoli
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Alveoli
Lungs - have about 300 million alveoli
The structure of the alveoli increases surface area of lung
For alveoli to function properly they are coated with phospholipid molecules called surfactant that keep them open
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Alveoli
Figure 14.8
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The Respiratory System
Table 14.1 (1 of 2)
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The Respiratory System
Table 14.1 (2 of 2)
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What cells secrete mucus
1. cilliated columnar epi
2. goblet
3. squamous epi
4. osteocytes
Cilliate
d columnar e
pi
goblet
Squamous epi
osteocy
tes
25% 25%25%25%
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The tube connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi is
1. pharynx
2. trachea
3. bronchioles
4. alveoli
pharynx
trach
ea
bronch
ioles
alveoli
25% 25%25%25%
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Common passageway for air, food and drink
1. pharynx
2. trachea
3. bronchioles
4. alveoli
pharynx
trach
ea
bronch
ioles
alveoli
25% 25%25%25%
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Conducts air from the trachea to the bronchioles
1. pharynx
2. trachea
3. bronchus
4. alveolus
pharynx
trach
ea
bronch
i
alveoli
25% 25%25%25%
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Gas exchange takes place here
1. pharynx
2. trachea
3. bronchioles
4. alveoli
pharynx
trach
ea
bronch
ioles
alveoli
25% 25%25%25%
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Which cavity is the lung located in?
1. abdominal
2. pericardial
3. pleural
4. dorsal
Abdominal
Pericard
ial
Pleural
Dorsal
25% 25%25%25%
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Inhalation
Figure 14.9a
The lungs expand, andair moves in.
The chest cavity increasesin size, and pressure withinthe lungs decreases.
Diaphragmcontracts
and flattens Diaphragmcontracts
Intercostalmusclescontract
Rib cagemoves up
and out
Air flow
Inhalation
(a)
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Inhalation
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, causing the pressure in the lungs to decrease
Inhalation is also called inspiration
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Exhalation
Figure 14.9b
The lungs recoil,and air moves out.
The chest cavity decreasesin size, and pressurewithin the lungs increases.
Diaphragmrelaxes and
moves upward Diaphragmrelaxes
Intercostalmuscles relax
Rib cagemoves down
and inward
Air flow
Exhalation
(b)
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Exhalation
Exhalation = Expiration
When the same muscles relax, volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, pressure in the lungs increase
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Air Volumes
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath is called the tidal volume
Tidal volume is usually around 500 ml
The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs is an indication of health
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Air Volumes
Inspiratory reserve volume = forced inhalation volume
Expiratory reserve volume = forced exhalation volume
Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after forced exhalation
Vital capacity is the amount of air brought in and out of the lungs during forced breathing
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Air Volumes
Figure 14.10 (1 of 2)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Inspiratoryreserve(forced
inhalation)volume
Vitalcapacity
Expiratory reserve(forced exhalation)
volume
Residualvolume
Tidal volume
Totallung
capacity
Lu
ng
Volu
me (
ml)
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Remember that O2 enters and CO2 leaves the lungs = External respiration
Then O2 and CO2 is exchanged between the blood vessels and tissues = Internal Respiration
This gas exchange is due to diffusion
8-14
Gas Exchanges in the Body
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Oxygen is transported on Hemoglobin.
When Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, then it is called Oxyhemoglobin
8-15
Oxygen Transport
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1. CO2 is transported dissolved in the plasma (10%)
2. CO2 is bound to hemoglobin (20%)
3. CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions (70%)
8-14
Carbon Dioxide Transport
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CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
8-14
Bicarbonate ions
Carbonic anhydrase
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Diffusion of Gasses: Alveoli and Capillaries
Figure 14.11 (2 of 2)
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Diffusion of Gasses: Capillaries and Tissues
Figure 14.11 (1 of 2)
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Normally we breath 12 - 15 ventilations per minute.
This rate is controlled by the medulla oblongata region of the brain. Nerves transmit signal to the diaphragm and muscles.
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and arteries detect levels of CO2 and O2 in the blood, controlling the rate and depth of breathing.
8-12
Regulation of Breathing
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Important Concepts
Read Ch 15
What is the function of the respiratory system?
What is the location and function of the all the parts of the respiratory system?
What are the parts of the nasal cavity and their functions?
What are the parts of the larynx and their functions?
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Important Concepts
What cell types lines the trachea, what are their functions, be able to discus how smoking effects this tissue?
Where does the exchange of gases occur in the lungs?
What cavity contains the lungs?
What controls the rate of breathing?
Be able to discuss the mechanics of breathing?
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Important Concepts
How is oxygen carried in the blood?
How is carbon dioxide carried in the blood, know all the ways, and the which is the predominate mode? (You don’t need to know the chemical equation of bicarbonate formation)
What is the diaphragm and what is its function?
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Definitions
Goblet cells, sinuses, epiglottis, surfactant, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, Inhalation/inspiration, exhalation/expiration tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, chemoreceptors
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