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© TESLA Exploration International Ltd January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
REPORT
on
2D SEISMIC PROCESSING IN THE CHESHIRE BASIN
for
INEOS ENTERPRISES LIMITED
by
TESLA EXPLORATION INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
JANUARY 2014
Prepared by: M Ali TESLA Exploration International Limited Unit 2 Nix’s Hill Nix’s Hill Industrial Estate Alfreton Derbyshire DE55 7GN Telephone: 01773 838950 Facsimile: 01773 836492 email: geophysics@teslaexploration.com
All geophysical work carried out by TESLA Exploration International is based on long experience and well founded expectation that it will prove beneficial to the client. However, TESLA Exploration International can accept no liability for consequential loss of any kind resulting from the interpretation of geophysical data.
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 2 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
CONTENTS
Page No
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ......................................................................................................... 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 4
2.0 SEISMIC LINE ACQUISITION SUMMARY ........................................................................ 5
3.0 PROCESSING SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 6
3.1 Processing Sequence ......................................................................................... 6
3.2 Summary of Processing Stages and Conclusions ............................................. 10
3.3 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 10
4.0 PERSONNEL ................................................................................................................ 11
5.0 DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................ 11
APPENDIX A Electronic Media Listing
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 3 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Table 1. Summary of Acquisition Parameters Figures (Power Point Slides) 1. IEL-13-03: Elevation Statics Stack without Pre-processing
2. IEL-13-03: Elevation Statics Stack with Pre-processing
3. 3D Refraction Statics Model (Receiver Domain)
4. 3D Refraction Statics Model (Shot Domain)
5. IEL-13-03: Refraction Statics Stack
6. IEL-13-03: Refraction Statics Stack with First Velocity Analysis
7. IEL-13-03: First Residual Statics Stack with First Velocity Analysis
8. IEL-13-03: First Residual Statics Stack with Second Velocity Analysis
9. IEL-13-03: Second Residual Statics Stack with Second Velocity Analysis
10. IEL-13-03: DMO Stack with Final Velocities
11. IEL-13-03: Filter Test 01
12. IEL-13-03: Filter Test 02
13. IEL-13-03: Final Filtered Stack
14. IEL-13-03: Post Stack FD Time Migrated Stack
15. IEL-13-03: Post Stack FD Time Migrated Stack converted to Depth
Enclosure 1. CDP Line Locations Scale 1:10,000
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 4 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
1.0 INTRODUCTION Four vibroseis lines totalling 17.84km were acquired by TESLA Exploration International Ltd in November 2013. These lines were processed by TESLA Exploration International in December 2013 using Landmark SeisSpace/ProMAX V5000.0.3.0 processing software and Green Mountain Geophysics (GMG) Millennium Suite refraction statics software. Processing was carried out at the TESLA Exploration International processing centre in Alfreton, Derbyshire. The seismic acquisition parameter details for the lines in this processing project are given in the Acquisition Summary (see Table 1). The lines were processed to a datum of Mean Sea Level using a one layer, pseudo 3D refraction statics model. The data processing was supervised by Randy Strandberg, Managing Director, TESLA Exploration International Ltd.
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 5 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
2.0 SEISMIC LINE ACQUISITION SUMMARY Table 1 Summary of Acquisition Parameters
Line No. Rec
Total FFID
min CDP
max CDP
Total CDP
Source Int (m)
Receiver Int (m)
CDP Int (m)
No. Chan
Avg. Fold
Xmin (m)
Xmax (m) Source
Sweep Freq (Hz)
No. Of Sweeps
dt (ms)
Record Length
(s)
CDP Line Length
(km)
REC Line Length
(km)
IEL-13-01 227 150 4 443 440 40 20 10 150 57 10 1490 Vibroseis 20-180 2 1 3 4.39 4.54
IEL-13-02 248 159 4 489 486 40 20 10 150 57 10 1490 Vibroseis 20-180 2 1 3 4.85 4.96
IEL-13-03 260 159 2 514 513 40 20 10 150 57 10 1490 Vibroseis 20-180 2 1 3 5.12 5.20
IEL-13-04 157 114 3 310 308 40 20 10 150 57 10 1490 Vibroseis 20-180 2 1 3 3.07 3.14
TOTAL 17.43 17.84
Processing Total Receiver line length 17.84km
Processing Total CDP line length 17.43km
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 6 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
3.0 PROCESSING SUMMARY 3.1 Processing Sequence 3.1.1 Transcription from SEG Y to ProMAX internal format 3.1.2 Geometry Assignment, 2D CDP straight or crooked line binning as required 3.1.3 Trace edit – editing of bad traces 3.1.4 First Break Picking 3.1.5 True Amplitude Recovery using spherical divergence correction 3.1.6 Vibroseis data converted to minimum phase 3.1.7 Deconvolution (Spiking, minimum phase) – surface consistent deconvolution,
operator length 80ms 3.1.8 Pseudo 3D Refraction Statics Analysis and application to final datum elevation of
Mean Sea Level, using a one layer solution and a replacement velocity of 2000 m/s 3.1.9 First interactive velocity analysis, at 400m intervals 3.1.10 Residual Statics Correction – Maximum Power algorithm, maximum static allowed
+/- 10ms 3.1.11 Second interactive velocity analysis, at 200m intervals 3.1.12 Residual Statics Correction (Second Pass) – Maximum Power, maximum static
allowed +/- 10ms 3.1.13 First mis-tie QC using Kingdom interpretation software 3.1.14 Common Offset DMO in TX Domain 3.1.15 Third interactive velocity analysis (Final) at 200m intervals 3.1.16 Normal Moveout Correction – using final stacking velocities 3.1.17 Mute – selection and application of final top mute 3.1.18 CDP Stack 3.1.19 Second mis-tie QC using Kingdom interpretation software 3.1.20 Deconvolution after stack (predictive, minimum phase) operator length 80ms, gap
32ms 3.1.21 Finite Difference Time Migration using 80° dip and single interval velocities function
derived from smoothed final stacking velocities 3.1.22 Depth Conversion – Post stack time migration converted to depth using client
provided velocities 3.1.23 Time Variant Bandpass filtering 3.1.24 FX Deconvolution – Random noise attenuation 3.1.25 Final Scaling - AGC applied using a gate length of 500ms
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 7 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
Pre-stack Processes The following pre-stack processing was applied to the data: 3.1.1 Transcription from SEG Y to internal ProMAX format
The original raw data provided for all lines were in SEG Y format, which were subsequently converted to the ProMAX internal format for processing. During this stage the raw shot records were displayed on screen to enable a QC of the raw data. This consisted of:
1. Identification of missing shot records 2. Identification of bad shot records 3. Identification of any repeated FFID’s (Field File Identification Number) 4. Assessing the total number of channels 5. Removal of auxiliary traces 6. Assessing record length 7. Assessing data polarity
3.1.2 Geometry Assignment / Installation
ProMAX geometry database files were created using the information obtained from provided survey/observer logs. Information loaded into the trace headers includes:
1. Group Interval 2. Shot Interval 3. Shot Point Range 4. Receiver Range 5. FFID Range 6. Number of channels 7. Minimum / maximum offset 8. Navigation
3.1.3 Trace Edit
Each shot was displayed on screen and any appropriate bad traces were edited.
3.1.5 True Amplitude Recovery (TAR) Tests were carried out for TAR including dB/sec, time raised to a power and spherical divergence correction. After a comparison of results, spherical divergence correction was applied.
3.1.6 Minimum phase conversion
Vibroseis data were converted to minimum phase using sweep frequency, sweep length, sample interval, type of sweep and start and end taper length.
3.1.7 Deconvolution After testing, surface consistent spiking deconvolution (Minimum Phase) was selected using an operator length of 80ms. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the effects of applying pre-processing (TAR and Deconvolution).
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 8 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
3.1.8 3D Refraction Static corrections and application Static corrections were applied to the seismic data to compensate for the effects of
variations in elevation, weathering thickness, weathering velocity and were referenced to a processing datum. The GMG Millennium Suite Refraction Statics software was used for the calculation and output of pseudo 3D static solutions, for input into each ProMAX seismic line database. Correction to a final datum of Mean Sea Level was carried out using a replacement velocity of 2000 m/s. A refraction statics model was created using all four lines during processing in December 2013. (Figures 3 - 5)
3.1.9 First Interactive Velocity Analysis Velocities were interactively picked using the ProMAX Velocity Analysis module,
consisting of a semblance, NMO-animated super gather (9 CDP’s), dynamic stack panel, stack panels and an interval velocity graph. The first velocity analysis was carried out at 400m intervals. (Figure 6)
3.1.10 Residual Statics Correction (First Pass) using Maximum Power Autostatics Surface consistent residual autostatics were run with a single gate. The gate was
1000ms wide, centred at around 500ms. The pilot trace smash was 11 CDPs and the maximum static allowed was +/- 10ms. (Figure 7)
3.1.11 Second Interactive Velocity Analysis
Velocities were interactively picked using the ProMAX Velocity Analysis module at 200m intervals. (Figure 8)
3.1.12 Residual Statics Correction (Second Pass) using Maximum Power Autostatics
Surface consistent residual autostatics were run with two gates. The first gate was 600ms wide, centred at around 300ms and the second gate was 1000ms wide, centred at 1000ms. The pilot trace smash was 11 CDPs and the maximum static allowed was +/- 10ms. (Figure 9)
3.1.14 Common Offset DMO in TX Domain
DMO (Dip Moveout) was applied to the data to remove the CDP dispersal and also to aid picking optimum velocities. (Figure 10)
3.1.15 Third Interactive Velocity Analysis (Final)
Velocities were interactively picked using the ProMAX Velocity Analysis module at 200m intervals.
3.1.16 Normal Moveout Correction NMO was applied using the final stacking velocities. 3.1.17 Top Mute Application
A final Top Mute was interactively picked on NMO corrected CDP gathers to remove the first breaks and the NMO stretch.
3.1.18 CDP Stack
The data were sorted in CDP domain, stacked and shifted to the final datum.
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 9 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
Post Stack Processes
3.1.20 Deconvolution after stack Gap Deconvolution was applied to enhance target horizons and to improve signal to noise ratio. An operator length of 80ms and predictive distance of 32ms was used.
3.1.21 Post Stack Time Migration
Finite Difference (Implicit) Post Stack Time Migration was run on each line. The velocity functions were derived from the stacking velocities, which were first smoothed and then converted to interval velocities (see attached disc). A single migration interval velocity function was calculated for each line and the 100% function selected as optimum. The maximum angle of dip to migrate was 80°.
3.1.22 Depth Conversion (Additional Processing)
Post stack time migration was converted to depth using Client provided velocities. This was achieved using the Time to Depth conversion module. The Client provided average velocities for time to depth conversion are as follows:
3.1.23 Time Variant Bandpass Filter
Bandpass filter tests were carried out on line IEL-13-03 (Figures 11 & 12). The time variant bandpass filter was chosen and applied to all lines as follows:
3.1.24 FX Deconvolution FX Deconvolution blended and unblended was tested and applied to the data to reduce the residual random noise in the stack data. The blended FX Deconvolution had been selected as optimum.
3.1.25 Final Scaling
After testing, an AGC using a gate length of 500ms was chosen and applied to the data.
Depth (m) Line 2 Velocity (m/s)
0 1891 100 2059 200 2310 300 2537 400 2737 500 2897 600 3073 716 3252
Time (ms) Frequency (Hz)
0-100 25-30-120-130 200-200 25-30-110-120 500-500 25-30-85-95 1000-1000 20-25-60-70 2000-3000 17-22-55-65
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 10 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
3.2 Summary of Processing Stages and Conclusions Ten significant processing stages on line IEL-13-03 are illustrated and these examples show the gradual enhancement of the primary reflection data through increasing processing effort. Stage 1 (Figure 1): Elevation Statics Stack without pre-processing applied Stage 2 (Figure 2): Elevation Statics Stack with pre-processing applied Stage 3 (Figure 5): Refraction Statics Stack Stage 4 (Figure 6): Refraction Statics Stack with First Velocity Analysis Stage 5 (Figure 7): First Residual Statics Stack with First Velocity Analysis Stage 6 (Figure 9): Second Residual Statics Stack with Second Velocity Analysis Stage 7 (Figure 10): DMO Stack with Final Velocities Stage 8 (Figure 13): Final Filtered Stack Stage 9 (Figure 14): Post Stack Finite Difference Time Migration Stage 10 (Figure 15): Post Stack FD Time Migration converted to Depth 3.3 Conclusions The GMG refraction statics solution improved reflection continuity by removing surface static anomalies, which were not previously fully resolved by the elevation statics. The combination of interactive velocity picking together with first and second applications of Residual Statics (Maximum Power) improved the resolution of the data. The static adjustments were small in both cases, making small improvements in reflection continuity within the well constrained autostatics solution. The data were found to be very velocity sensitive. However, the continuity of reflectors was enhanced by the application of DMO, FX Deconvolution and bandpass filter. In addition, decon after stack was applied to enhance target horizons and improve the signal to noise ratio. Post stack FX Deconvolution was applied to the data; this reduced swinging artefacts in the migrations generated from residual noise.
© TESLA Exploration International Ltd 11 January 2014/Ineos Enterprises Limited/S7515
4.0 PERSONNEL The following processing personnel worked on this project: M M Ali Senior Processing Geophysicist S Ali Senior Processing Geophysicist Bob Wright System Manager (first break picking) Randy Strandberg Managing Director
5.0 DISTRIBUTION Ineos Enterprises Ltd (2 copies) TESLA Exploration International Archive (1 copy)
APPENDIX A
Electronic Media Listing
Electronic Media Listing 1. Processing Report
S7515 Cheshire Basin 2D.pdf S7515 Cheshire Basin 2D Figures.ppt CDP Line Locations Map
2. Navigation (ASCII)
CDP X and Y Source X and Y Receiver X and Y Midpoints X and Y 3. ASCII: Final Stacking Velocities (ESSO V2) 4. SEG Y: Filtered Stacks and Post Stack Time Migrated Stacks (Filtered) 5. SEG Y: Post-stack Time Migrated Stacks converted to depth
Elevation Statics Stack without Pre-processing
IEL-13-03
Figure 1:Figure 1:
Elevation Statics Stack with Pre-processingFigure 2:Figure 2:
IEL-13-03
GMG 3D REFREACTION STATICS MODEL
3D Refraction Statics Model (Receiver Domain) Figure 3:Figure 3:
GMG 3D REFREACTION STATICS MODEL
3D Refraction Statics Model (Shot Domain) Figure 4:Figure 4:
Refraction Statics StackFigure 5:Figure 5:
IEL-13-03
Refraction Statics Stack with First Velocity AnalysisFigure 6:Figure 6:
IEL-13-03
First Residual Statics Stack with First Velocity AnalysisFigure 7:Figure 7:
IEL-13-03
First Residual Statics Stack with Second Velocity AnalysisFigure 8:Figure 8:
IEL-13-03
Second Residual Statics Stack with Second Velocity AnalysisFigure 9:Figure 9:
IEL-13-03
DMO Stack with Final VelocitiesFigure 10:Figure 10:
IEL-13-03
Filter Test 01Figure 11:Figure 11:
IEL-13-03
Filter Test 02Figure 12:Figure 12:
IEL-13-03
Final Filtered StackFigure 13:Figure 13:
IEL-13-03
Post Stack FD Time Migrated StackFigure 14:Figure 14:
IEL-13-03
Post Stack FD Time Migrated Stack Converted To DepthFigure 15:Figure 15:
IEL-13-03
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300
250
200
150
100 1
50
519
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
1
50
494
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
1
50
446
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
IEL-13-03
IEL-13-02
IEL-13-0
1
IEL-13-04
IEL-13-02
IEL-13-0
1
IEL-13-04
IEL-13-03
367000
367000
368000
368000
369000
369000
370000
370000
371000
371000
372000
372000
373000
373000
374000
374000
375000
375000
376000
376000
36500
0
36500
0
36600
0
36600
0
36700
0
36700
0
36800
0
36800
0
36900
0
36900
0
37000
0
37000
0
37100
0
37100
0
37200
0
37200
0
±1:10,000
@ A0
0 0.5 10.25
Kilometers
0 0.25 0.50.125
Miles
Coordinate System: British National GridProjection: Transverse Mercator
Datum: OSGB 1936False Easting: 400,000.000000
False Northing: -100,000.000000Central Meridian: -2.000000
Scale Factor: 0.999601Latitude Of Origin: 49.000000
Units: Meter
INEOS Enterprises Ltd.Cheshire Basin 2D
CDP Location Map Key:
Date: 28/01/2014 Reference: Processing
Z:\ARCGIS\Ineos\Cheshire 2013\Ineos_cheshire_140128.mxd
CDP! Receiver! Source! Midpoint
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