report of the working group on biofuels for gasoline … even though no differences are observed in...
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JAPAN AUTO-OIL PROGRAM
JATOP第2回成果発表会
Report of the Working Groupon Biofuels for Gasoline Vehicles
Working Group on Biofuels for Gasoline vehiclesToshiyuki Hirose
March 9, 2012
JATOP Conference 2012
2
Based on the recognition that research on the use of E10 gasoline should be conducted, technical issues for future fuels and motor vehicles and their measures are being examined.
Japan’s energy strategy requires reducing oil dependence in transport sector, so that introduction of biofuels, especially for bio-ethanol, is a key solution to fuel diversification.
Objectives
* E10 gasoline: a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline
3
Characteristics of ethanol used as gasoline blendstock
H: HydrogenC: CarbonO Oxygen
Strong polarity (similar to characteristics of water)
C2H5-O-H
Significant increase invapor pressure
Excess changes in distillation characteristicsOxygenated compound(O: 35mass%)
Low LHV (compared toGasoline)Impact of strong polaritysubstances on fuel quality
Damage to fuel system componentsMetal corrosion, rubber swelling
Increase in evaporative emissions
Events where concerns areraised about the impact onvehicle/engine performance
Fuel characteristics to be considered
Increase in exhaust emissions
• Production from carbohydrates of sugar canes and otherfeedstocks through fermentation method
• Single chemical substance expressed by C2H5OH(MW: 46) Boiling point: 78˚C
• High oxygen content (35 mass%)• Molecules have locally strong polarity (-O-H),
so that the characteristics are significantly differentfrom petroleum fuels
Degradation in driveability/ startability
4
T50: 75 - 110˚CImpacts on vehicle
emissions/ driveability
Impact of ethanol blending on distillation characteristics of gasoline
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 20 40 60 80 100
E10
50
T50:JIS range
T90: JIS range
90
E0
30 7010留出量(vol.%)
・T50 is an important characteristic that affects vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe emissions) and driveability, there are concerns about the impact of blending ethanol up to 10% on emissions and driveability.
・ When T50 values are controlled using feedstocks with high boiling point, T90 can beincreased as high as the upper limit of JIS range.
E10
Blending ethanol up to 10% into conventional gasoline (E0) greatly decreases T50 .
Ethanol has a boiling point of 78˚C, when ethanol is blended with gasoline, high distillation characteristics of ethanol are exerted, and significantly affects distillation characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends
Dis
tilla
tion
tem
pera
ture
(˚C
)
Distillate volume (vol%)
T50: 50 vol% distillationtemperature
T90: 90 vol% distillation temperature
5
Even though no differences are observed in the vapor pressure between ethanol-gasoline blends and conventional gasoline (E0 gasoline) at the temperature for measuring RVP (37.8˚C), which is a parameter of JIS, the differences in vapor pressure increase with increasing temperature, so that concerns are raised about the impact on evaporative emissions and driveability at high temperatures.
Impact of ethanol blending on vapor pressure of gasoline
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
エタノール混合率(vol.%)
RVP
(kP
a)
Blending ethanol into gasoline (RVP: 63 kPa)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
温度(℃)
RVP測定温度(37.8℃)
燃料タンク温度(55℃前後)
蒸気発生量増大
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
E0
E3
E10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
The local maximum is achieved in a range of blending ratio from 3 to 15%
蒸気
圧(kP
a)
Fuel tank temperature(around 55˚C)
Increased evaporativeemissions
Temperature formeasuring
RVP (37.8˚C)
Vap
or p
ress
ure
(kP
a)Temperature (˚C)Ethanol blending ratio (vol%)
6
Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item
on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends
Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions
Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability
T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)
limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)
Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions
(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)
emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures
compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions
Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials
(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems
and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect
storage stability?
7
Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item
on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends
Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions
Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability
T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)
limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)
Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions
(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)
emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures
compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions
Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials
(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems
and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect
storage stability?
8
Study description Identify how T50 of E10 gasoline affects exhaust emissions and fuel economy/ CO2 emissions through testing with various types of vehicles in order to determine the applicability of the existing indicators for fuel quality to ethanol-gasoline blends
① Study of impacts on exhaust emissions,fuel economy /CO2 emissions
<Test vehicle>4 Four-wheel vehicles (1 compact car and 3 light motor vehicles)3 Motorcycles
<Test cycle>Four-wheel vehicle: Japanese 11 mode (Cold start cycle)
Japanese 10-15 mode (Hot start cycle)Motorcycle: Motorcycle test cycle (Cold start cycle)
<Evaluation item>Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) or total hydrocarbons (THC),nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), aldehydes, carbondioxide (CO2) and fuel economy
9
Test vehicle specifications (Four-wheeled vehicles)
Vehicle designation Vehicle AA Vehicle DA Vehicle DB Vehicle EAClassification Compact car Light motor Light motor Light motor
vehicle Vehicle vehicleApplicable 75% reduction 75% reduction 50% reduction 75% reductionemissions from 2005 from 2005 from 2005 from 2005 regulations regulations regulations regulations regulations
First registration year 2007 2008 2008 2008Engine displacement (L) 1.5 0.66 0.66 0.66
Number of cylinders Inline 4 Inline 3 Inline 3 Inline 3Compression ratio 10.5 10.8 9.0 9.0
Supercharger N/A N/A Equipped EquippedFuel injection system PFI PFI PFI DI
Transmission CVT CVT CVT CVTMax power (kw/rpm) 81/6000 43/7200 47/6000 47/6500
Max torque (N▪m/rpm) 140/4400 65/4000 103/3000 103/3500Fuel Regular-grade Regular-grade Regular-grade Regular-grade
Fuel tank capacity (L) 50 36 36 30Mileage during testing 20500 〜 4500 〜 4500 〜 5000 〜
(km) 36000 17500 20500 20000
10
Test vehicle specifications (Motorcycle)
Vehicle designation Motorcycle 1 Motorcycle 2 Motorcycle 3Classification Cl.1 motor-drivenCl.2 motor-driven Light
cycle cycle motorcycleApplicable emissions 2006 2007 2006
regulations regulations regulations regulationsEngine displacement (cc) 49 107 249
Engine type Air cooled Water cooled Water cooledFour stroke Four stroke Four stroke
Fuel feed system Injection Injection InjectionSupercharger N/A N/A N/ATransmission CVT CVT CVT
Max power (kw/rpm) 3.7/8000 6.6/7500 14/6500Max torque (N▪m/rpm) 4.5/6500 9.3/6250 22/5000
11
Test fuel matrixTest fuels used to verify the impact of T50
*Test fuel is made by splash blending of ethanol up to 10% into E0 gasoline (T50: 75˚C)
E0/E10 E10* E0/E10 E0/E10 E0/E10 E0 E0/E10 E0/E10 E0/E10 E0 (ETBE23)
T10, ℃
T50, ℃ 65 75 100 110 120 90 100 110 120 100
T90, ℃
RVP, kPa 69
オクタン価
65
150
55以下
97以上
180(JIS上限)
(T90: Two groups representing market average level (150˚C) and the upper limit of JISare used for testing)
T50:低温側 T50:高温側
Octanenumber
(Upper limit of JIS)
55 or less
97 or over
T50: lowtemperature side
T50: Hightemperature side
12
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120T50(℃)
NM
HC
(g/
km) JIS JIS
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
T50(℃)
NM
HC
(g/
km)
JIS JIS
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
T50(℃)
NM
HC
(g/
km) JIS JISJIS JIS
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
T50(℃)
NM
HC
(g/
km) JIS JISJIS JIS
Emissions - NMHC(Four-wheel vehicle/ 11 mode)
◆ E0 T90:150℃■ E10 T90: 150℃◇ E0 T90:JIS上限域□ E10 T90:JIS上限域
△ETBE23 T90:JIS上限域
Vehicle DA(PFI)
Vehicle DB(PFI/Supercharger)
Vehicle AA(PFI)
Vehicle EA(DI/Supercharger)
For Vehicles AA, DA and DB, NMHC emissions tend to increase with E10 gasolinecompared to E0 gasoline, when T50 is 110˚C.
In some vehicles, emissions of CO and NOx also tend to increase with E10 gasoline.
E0 T90: 150˚C
E10 T90: 150˚C
E0 T90: Upper limit range of JIS
E10 T90: Upper limit range of JIS
ETBE23 T90: Upper limit range of JIS
13
・ For cold start testing, there are some cases where E10 gasoline affects emissions when T50 is 110˚C. And acetaldehydes tend to increase.
・ For hot start testing, E10 gasoline has no impact on emissions.
T50: High temperature side
Study results of impacts on exhaust emissions,fuel economy /CO2 emissions
Impact tendencies of E10 gasoline (compared to E0 gasoline)T50: Low temperature side
※ THC for motorcycles: Values tends to increase/ vary with E10 gasoline compared to E0 gasoline: There are no differences between E0 and E10 gasoline: Values tends to decrease with E10 gasoline compared to E0 gasoline
T90, ℃T50, ℃ 100 110 90 100 110 100 110 90 100 110 90 100 110
NMHC※ → 3/4台 → → 3/4台 → → → → → → → →
CO → 3/4台 → → 4/4台 → → → → → 3/3台 3/3台 3/3台
NOx → 3/4台 1/4台 1/4台 2/4台 → → → → → → 1/3台 1/3台
燃費(km/L) 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 3/3台 3/3台 3/3台
燃費(km/MJ) → → → → → → → →
CO2 → → → → → → → →
アセトアルデヒド 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 → → → → → 3/3台 3/3台 3/3台
2輪車
180
Coldスタート
(11モード)150
4輪車
Hotスタート
(10・15モード)Coldスタート(2輪車モード)
180180150
Coldスタート(11
モード)
Hotスタート
(11・15
モード)
NMHC → →
CO → →
NOx → →
燃費(km/L) 4/4台
燃費(km/MJ) →
CO2 → →
アセトアルデヒド 4/4台 →
4輪車
Fuel economy(km/L)
Fuel economy(km/MJ)
Acetaldehydes Acetaldehydes
Fuel economy(km/L)
Fuel economy(km/MJ)
Four wheel vehicle Motorcycle Four wheel vehicle
Cold start test(11 mode)
Hot start test(10▪15 mode)
Cold start test(Motorcycle
mode)
Coldstarttest(11
mode)
Hotstarttest
(10▪15mode)
14
Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item
on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends
Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions
Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability
T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)
limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)
Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions
(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)
emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures
compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions
Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials
(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems
and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect
storage stability?
15
Study descriptionIdentify how T50 (high temperature side) of E10 gasoline affects vehicle driveability (accelerability, startability and demerit scores) through testing on various types of vehicles in order to determine the applicability of the existing indicators for fuel quality to the ethanol-gasoline blendsPrepare E10 gasoline by splash blending of ethanol with E0 gasoline (T50 values: lower limit range of JIS), and using the blends, identify how 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline (T50 values: below the lower limit of JIS) affects vehicle driveability at high temperatures (startability and accelerability)
② Study of impacts on vehicle driveability
<Test vehicle>1 compact car and 3 light motor vehicles (Vehicles used for the emissions testing are also used for this study)<Test cycle>T50 (High temperature side): Impacts on vehicle driveabilityDriveability test cycle (JPI method/ Cold and Hot start test cycles) at laboratory temperature of 20˚CT50 (Low temperature side): Impacts on vehicle driveability at high temperatures JPI method “ High speed and congested traffic” driving test and Mt. Rokko climbing mode at laboratory temperature of 35˚C<Evaluation item> Accelerability, startability and demerit scores
16
Test cycle for driveability evaluation - JPI method
Accelerability: Evaluation by measuring the time from the beginning ofacceleration to the attainment of 40 km/h
Study of impacts on driveability- Test cycle for driveability evaluation -
Startability: Evaluation by measuring the time from the onset of voltagedrop to 1000 rpm
<Evaluation item>
試験室温:20℃
エン
ジン
回転
数
時間
3sec
3sec
Dレンジ
車速:40km/h
アクセル開度:30-50%
アイドル
3sec
加減速Cold試験:20回Hot試験:10回
始動(Nレンジ)
エン
ジン
回転
数
時間
3sec
3sec
Dレンジ
車速:40km/h
アクセル開度:30-50%
アイドル
3sec
加減速Cold試験:20回Hot試験:10回
始動(Nレンジ)
10sec
加減速冷機始動:20回暖機始動:10回
3
Acceleration/ DecelerationCold start: 20 timesHot start : 10 times
JPI: Japan Petroleum Institute
Eng
ine
spee
d Vehicle speed: 40 km/h
Idle
D range
Startup (N range)Time Laboratory temperature: 20˚C
Acceleratoropening degree:
30 – 50%
17
0
1
2
3
4
5
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
T50(℃)
0→
1000rp
m
始動
時間
(sec)
JIS JIS
Laboratory temperature: 20℃
Startability -Engine startup time (Cold start testing)
For Vehicle DB, engine startup time tends to increase with E10 gasoline compared to E0 gasoline, when T50 is 110˚C.For Vehicle AA, some impact of 10% ethanol blending is observed only when T50 is 110˚C and T90 is in the upper limit range of JIS.
車両EA(直噴/過給)
車両AA (PFI)
Vehicle DA (PFI)
0
1
2
3
4
5
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
T50(℃)
0→
1000rp
m
始動
時間
(sec)
JIS JIS
車両DB(PFI/過給)
0
1
2
3
4
5
60 70 80 90 100 110 120T50(℃)
0→
1000rp
m
始動
時間
(sec)
5.79秒と6.44秒
JIS JIS
0
1
2
3
4
5
60 70 80 90 100 110 120T50(℃)
0→
1000rp
m
始動
時間
(sec)
1000rpmに到達せず
JIS JIS
◆ E0 T90:150℃■ E10 T90:150℃◇ E0 T90:JIS上限域□ E10 T90:JIS上限域△ETBE23 T90:JIS上限域
Vehicle AA(PFI)
Vehicle EA(DI
w/ supercharger)
Vehicle DB(PFI
w/supercharger)
Not attained to 1000 rpm
Eng
ine
star
tup
time
(sec
)E
ngin
e st
artu
p tim
e (s
ec)
Eng
ine
star
tup
time
(sec
)E
ngin
e st
artu
p tim
e (s
ec)
5.79 & 6.44 sec.
18
Study results of impacts on driveability
Laboratory temperature: 20˚C
For cold start testing, there are some cases where E10 gasoline affects driveability, when T50 is 110˚C. In some of the above cases, there is a tendency where larger impacts are seen when T90 is in the upper limit range of JIS compared to when T90 is 150˚C.
For hot start testing, E10 gasoline has no impact.
Impact tendencies of E10 gasoline (compared to E0 gasoline)
T90, ℃T50, ℃ 100 110 90 100 110 100 110 90 100 110
始動時間 → 1/3台 → → 2/4台 → → → → →
加速時間 → 2/3台 → → 2/4台 → → → → →
デメリット点数 → 2/3台 → → 2/4台 → → → → →
150 180Hotスタート
4輪車Coldスタート
180150
:E0に比較してE10は増加/ばらつく傾向:E0とE10で差なし
Four-wheel vehicleCold start testing Hot start testing
Engine startup time
Accelerationtime
Demerit scores
↑: Values tend to increase/ vary with E10 gasolinecompared to E0 gasoline
→: There are no differences between E0 and E10 gasoline
19
Mt. Rokko climbing modeJPI method
“High speed/ congested traffic ”driving mode testing
0
30
100
120125
車速
(km
/h)
15min
15sec
15sec
15sec
15sec
1min
5min
5min
15min
10min
5min
暖気 ベース性能
エンジンキーオフソーク
キーオフソーク後性能
アイドルソーク
アイドルソーク後性能
給油 始動性評価
加速性評価
加速性評価
加速性評価
始動性評価
100km/h
40km/h 40km/h 40km/h
80km/h 80km/h 80km/h
100km/h100km/h
120km/h 120km/h120km/h
0
30
100
120125
車速
(km
/h)
15min
15sec
15sec
15sec
15sec
1min
5min
5min
15min
10min
5min
暖気 ベース性能
エンジンキーオフソーク
キーオフソーク後性能
アイドルソーク
アイドルソーク後性能
給油 始動性評価
加速性評価
加速性評価
加速性評価
始動性評価
100km/h
40km/h 40km/h 40km/h
80km/h 80km/h 80km/h
100km/h100km/h
120km/h 120km/h120km/h
0
30
100
120125
車速
(km
/h)
15min
15sec
15sec
15sec
15sec
1min
5min
5min
15min
10min
5min
暖気 ベース性能
エンジンキーオフソーク
キーオフソーク後性能
アイドルソーク
アイドルソーク後性能
0
30
100
120125
車速
(km
/h)
15min
15sec
15sec
15sec
15sec
1min
5min
5min
15min
10min
5min
0
30
100
120125
車速
(km
/h)
15min
15sec
15sec
15sec
15sec
1min
5min
5min
15min
10min
5min
暖気 ベース性能
エンジンキーオフソーク
キーオフソーク後性能
アイドルソーク
アイドルソーク後性能
給油 始動性評価
加速性評価
加速性評価
加速性評価
始動性評価
100km/h
40km/h 40km/h 40km/h
80km/h 80km/h 80km/h
100km/h100km/h
120km/h 120km/h120km/h
Driveability test at high temperatures – Driving cycle
Accelerability: Evaluation by measuring the time required to rise from 40 km/h to 100 (80)and 120 (100) km/h in the JPI method, while to 120 (100) km/h in the Mt. Rokko climbing mode, respectively. (Figures in parentheses are for minivehicles)
Startability: Evaluation by measuring the time from the onset of voltage drop to 1000 rpm.<Evaluation item> Laboratory temperature: 35˚C
加速性評価
0
35
120
車速
(km
/h)
15min
暖気 エンジンキーオフソーク
始動 始動性評価
40km/h
120km/h
※2
10%勾配
エンジンキーオフソーク後性能
加速性評価
0
35
120
車速
(km
/h)
15min
暖気 エンジンキーオフソーク
始動 始動性評価
40km/h
120km/h
※2
10%勾配
エンジンキーオフソーク後性能
※
※ Engine key-off soak time is defined as the time when temperature of delivery pipe rises to the highest.
100 100km/h
Veh
icle
spe
ed (k
m/h
)
Veh
icle
spe
ed (k
m/h
)
Ref
uelin
g
Startabilityevaluation
Startabilityevaluation
Accelerabilityevaluation
Accelerabilityevaluation
Accelerationevaluation
Startup Startabilityevaluation
Accelerationevaluation
Enginewarmed up
Enginekey-offsoak
Performance afterengine key-off soak
10% road grade
Enginewarmed up
Basicperformance
Enginekey-offsoak
Performanceafter
enginekey-offsoak
Idlesoak
Performanceafter
idle soak
20
For all test vehicles used in this study, E10 gasoline has no impact when T50 is in the lower limit range of JIS.
→: There are no differences between E0 and E10 gasoline
Study result of impacts on vehicle driveabilityat high temperatures
Impact tendencies of E10 gasoline (compared to E0 gasoline)
ベース性能
キーオフソーク後
アイドルソーク後
始動時間 → → →
加速時間 → → → →
デメリット点数 → → → →
4輪車
六甲山登山モード
石油学会法「高速走行、渋滞走行試験」
Four-wheel vehicleJPI method “High speed/ congested
traffic” driving mode testing Mt. Rokkoclimbing
modeBasicperformance
After key-offsoak
After idlesoak
Enginestartup time
Acceleration time
Demerit scores
21
Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item
on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends
Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions
Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability
T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)
limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)
Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions
(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)
emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures
compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions
Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials
(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems
and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect
storage stability?
22
Determine the behavior of evaporative emissions from different vehicles and the reality of the increased evaporative emissions due to permeation and evaporation of E10 gasoline from fuel feed systems, in order to identify how blending of ethanol with gasoline affects quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
③ Study of impacts on vehicle evaporative emissions
<Test vehicle>1 compact car (for Running Loss test only) and 3 light motor vehicles (Vehicles used for the emissions testing are also used for this study)
<Test fuel>E0 : RVP 65, 72kPa (to identify sensitivity of RVP)E10 and ETBE23: RVP 65kPa
<Test conditions>Summer conditions assumed (Ambient temperature: 20 - 35˚C for diurnal breathing loss (DBL) test , 35˚C for running loss (RL) test)
<Evaluation item>Running loss (RL: evaporative emissions during vehicle operation)Hot soak loss (HSL: evaporative emissions after vehicle operation)Diurnal breathing loss (DBL: evaporative emissions from vehicles parked)
23
Evaluation of vehicle evaporative emissions- Test facility -
ソークエリア
エンジン 吸入空気
ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時
車両位置
空調装置
TB
パージ空気
SHED
機械室
DBLテスト時仕切扉
ランニングロス(RL)テスト
ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時
車両位置48Bダイナモ
車速風
ソークエリア
エンジン 吸入空気
ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時
車両位置
空調装置
TB
パージ空気
SHED
機械室
DBLテスト時仕切扉
ランニングロス(RL)テスト
ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時
車両位置
THC測定装置
ソークエリア
エンジン 吸入空気
ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時
車両位置
空調装置
TB
パージ空気
SHED
機械室
DBL
TB
パージ空気
SHED
機械室
DBLテスト時仕切扉
ランニングロス(RL)テスト
ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時
車両位置48Bダイナモ
車速風
ソークエリア
エンジン 吸入空気
ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時
車両位置
空調装置
TB
パージ空気
SHED
機械室
DBLテスト時仕切扉
ランニングロス(RL)テスト
ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時
車両位置
THC測定装置
SHED (Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination) system
Machineroom
Soak area
Engine intake air
Purgeair
Air conditioning
Partition door for DBL test
Blower
48B dynoVehicle position for DBL test
Vehicle position forRL & HSL tests
monitor
24
車両EA
車両DB
■ E0 gasoline■ E10 gasoline■ ETBE23 gasoline
Vehicle evaporative emissionsHSL + 24h‐DBL
車両AA H19年度先行研究データ(平均値)
車両DA
0
1
2
3
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
test
)
62.0kPa 64.0kPa
RVP RVP
0
1
2
3
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
test
)
64.5kPa 71.5kPa 59.5kPa65.5kPa
RVP RVP RVP RVP
0
1
2
3
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
test
)
64.5kPa 71.5kPa 59.5kPa65.5kPa
RVP RVP RVP RVP
0
1
2
3
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g
/te
st)
64.5kPa 71.5kPa 59.5kPa65.5kPa
RVP RVP RVP RVP
For Vehicle AA used in the Advanced Research (in FY 2007), some impact of E10 gasoline is observed on evaporative emissions, however, for Vehicles EA, DA and DB used in this study, no significant differences are observed in impacts between E10 and E0 gasoline.
Vehicle AA - Data from FY 2007 Advanced Research (Averages)
Vehicle EA
Vehicle DA Vehicle DB
Eva
pora
tive
emis
sion
s (g
/test
)
Eva
pora
tive
emis
sion
s (g
/test
)
Eva
pora
tive
emis
sion
s (g
/test
)
Eva
pora
tive
emis
sion
s (g
/test
)
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st
test test test test test test test
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st
test test test test test test test1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st
test test test test test test test
25
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
km) RVP
64.5kPaRVP
71.5kPaRVP
59.5kPaRVP
65.5kPa
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
km) RVP
64.5kPaRVP
71.5kPaRVP
59.5kPaRVP
65.5kPa
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
km) RVP
64.5kPaRVP
71.5kPaRVP
59.5kPaRVP
65.5kPa
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 3回目 4回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目
蒸発
ガス
量(g/
km) RVP
64.5kPaRVP
71.5kPaRVP
59.5kPaRVP
65.5kPa
No significant differences are observed between E0 and E10 gasoline.
Vehicle AA
■ E0 gasoline■ E10 gasoline■ ETBE23 gasoline
Vehicle evaporative emissions RL
Vehicle EA
Vehicle DA Vehicle DB
Eva
pora
tive
emis
sion
s (g
/km
)E
vapo
rativ
e em
issi
ons
(g/k
m)
Eva
pora
tive
emis
sion
s (g
/km
)E
vapo
rativ
e em
issi
ons
(g/k
m)
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
test test test test test test test test
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
test test test test test test test test
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
test test test test test test test test
1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
test test test test test test test test test test
26
Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item
on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends
Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions
Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability
T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)
limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)
Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions
(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)
emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures
compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions
Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials
(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems
and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect
storage stability?
27
④ Study of impacts of materials on fuel properties
<Test materials>Following metal, rubber and resin materials used in fuel feed systems are selected for evaluation:- Metal materials (5 types): Zinc, Tin, Steel, Copper and Nickel- Rubber materials (3 types): Fluororubber (KFM), Nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and
Nitrile-butadiene rubber/Polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC)- Resin materials (3 types): Polyamide resin (nylon), Polyacetal resin (PA) and
Phenolic resin
<Test fuel>– E0 and E10 gasoline (Splash blend)
<Test conditions>– Metal materials: 100˚C for 480 hrs– Resin/ Rubber materials: 70 ˚C for 720 hrs
<Evaluation item>Impacts of materials on fuel properties is determined by dipping test (focusing on the
differences in the impacts between E0 and E10 gasoline)- Unwashed existent gum content, existent gum content, peroxide number and
oxidation stability
Determine impacts of materials used in fuel feed systems on the properties (oxidative stability, existent gum contents, etc.) of E10 gasoline when left standing for a long time
28
0
4
8
12
16
20
Blank Zn Sn Fe Cu Ni Mixed
洗浄
ガム
分 (
mg/100m
l)
E0
E10
Study results of impacts of materials on fuel properties
Impacts of metal materials Impacts of rubber/ resin materials
Existent gum content: Residue which is the nonvolatile matter left afterevaporation of gasoline and washed with the solvent
No significant differences are observed between E0 and E10gasoline.
For NBR and NBR/PVC, existent gum content has an increasing tendency with E10 gasoline.
0
20
40
60
80
Blank FKM NBR NBR/PVC Nylon POM Phenol
洗浄
ガム
分(m
g/100m
l)
E0
E10
Blank FKM NBR NBR/PVC Nylon POM Phenol
Exi
sten
t gum
con
tent
(mg/
100
ml)
Exi
sten
t gum
con
tent
(mg/
100
ml)
E0 gasolineE10 gasoline
E0gasolineE10gasoline
29
Research results – Summary
The tests using vehicles available in the domestic market reveal that 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline affects fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends in some cases. Consequently, attention should be paid to the impacts at the introduction of E10 gasoline into the domestic market.
Impact of 10% blendingFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline Research item Research results
on fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends
1) Study of impacts on exhaust For some of the test vehicle, there is an emissions and fuel economy/ impact of 10% blending of ethanol in CO2 emissions gasoline on T50, when T50 is in the range
Distillation Decreased by 2) Study of impacts on vehicle of JIS (110˚C)characteristics about 10˚C driveability Except for the above case, no impacts of
T50 Identify impacts of T50 (on the 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline are high temperature side) observed, even when T50 is in the lower Identify impacts of T50 (on the limit range of JIS. low temperature side)
Increased by about 3) Study of impacts on vehicle For the test vehicles used in this study,Vapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased evaporative emissions no significant impacts of 10% blending
(RVP) evaporation at high Identify impacts of permeation of ethanol in gasoline are observed.temperatures) (during vehicle parking) (With other test vehicles used by
Identify impacts of increased Advanced Research WG, some impactMaterial evaporation at high temperatures of 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline is
compatibility Rubber permeation (during vehicle operation) observed in HSL + DBL testing)(rubber materials)
For some rubber materials, existentStorage stability Metal corrosion 4) Study impacts of materials gum content increases by 10% blending
(metal, rubber and on fuel properties of ethanol in gasoline.resin materials) Swelling of rubber For metal materials, no differences are
and resin materials observed in the impacts on fuel qualitybetween E0 and E10 gasoline.
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