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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 An object is subject to mainly two types of forces:
1. Live loads
2. Dead loads
Actually, there is many more load in reality but load above are main type of load. Basically, an
object subject to any type of force which could be gravitational force (weight), pressure or
anything affects the object is called a load.
This concept is used in Mechanical and structural engineering. Let’s take in terms of
Structural Engineering. Whenever a structure is designed, these concepts are taken into
consideration because real world objects are analyzed in order to design the structure. This is
very important in terms of structural stability.
1.2 What are “Dead loads”?
As the name itself suggests, dead loads could be termed as self-weight of the non-living objects.
It could be the weight of the materials, equipment or any other components in the structure that
will remain permanent throughout the life of the structure.
Dead load has to be considered in order to make the structural design accordingly. Dead
loads vary from structure to structure. Every building is unique and has different considerations.
An additional load is considered in case additional forces build up in a structure in case of
settlement or due to secondary effects of pre-stress construction or due to shrinkage of concrete.
For the calculations of dead loads, we could also consider,
* Basically, all the permanent loads are to be considered.
Columns
Beams
Footings
Lintels
Furniture
Machinery and other equipment
Walls
Floors
Roofs
Ceilings
Stairways
Built-in partitions
1.3 What are “Live loads”?
Unlike dead loads, live loads are variable. We could term them as probabilistic loads. Live load
varies from time to time.
As the name suggests, live load is the load of human beings living in the building. Their
movement is not fixed. The number of people at a time in a structure can also vary.
2.0 WALKING LOAD CALCULATION
1 ST FOUNDATION
Roof
1st Roof
Area = 6841300mm2 = 6.84m2
6.84m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 13.68 kN
Selected Beam
2nd Roof
Area = 12440279mm2 = 12.44m2
12.44m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 24.88 kN
Roof beam
1st Roof Beam
4049mm = 4.049m
4049mm
0.15m × 0.3m × 4.049m = 0.18m3
0.18m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.37 kN
4.37 kN + 13.68 kN = 18.05 kN
18.05 kN ÷ 2 = 9.03 kN
2nd Roof Beam
5450mm = 5.450m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.450m = 0.24m3
0.24m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.886 kN
5.886 kN + 24.88 kN = 30.77 kN
30.77 kN ÷ 2 = 15.38 kN
5450mm
Column (1 st Floor)
3570mm = 3.57m
3.75m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.08m3
0.08m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.025 kN
Wall (1 st Floor)
3570mm
3050mm
Wall (1st Floor)
3050mm = 3.05m
3.05m × 0.15 m = 0.46m2
0.46m2 × 2.6 kN/m2 = 1.19 kN – for 1 side wall
1.19 kN × 2 = 2.38 kN – for two sides wall
Beam (1 st Floor)
1st Beam (1st Floor)
4049mm = 4.049m
0.15m × 0.3m × 4.049m = 0.18m3
0.18m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.37 kN
4.37 kN ÷ 2 = 2.19 kN
4049mm
2nd Beam (1st Floor)
5450mm = 5.450m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.450m = 0.24m3
0.24m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.886 kN
5.886 kN ÷ 2 = 2.943 kN
5450mm
Slab
LyLx > 2 = one way
LyLx < 2 = two way
5.454.049 = 1.35 = two way
12×4.049m × 2.0245m = 4.1 m2
12×(5.45m + 1.401m) ×2.0245m = 6.39m2
5450mm
4049mm
6.39m2
4.1 m2
4.1 m2 × 7 kN/m2 = 28.7 kN
28.7 kN ÷ 2 = 14.35 kN
6.39m2 × 7 kN/ m2 = 44.73 kN
44.73 kN ÷ 2 = 22.365 kN
14.35 kN + 22.365 kN = 36.715 kN
Column (Ground Floor)
4000mm = 4m
4m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.09m3
0.09m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.16 kN
4000mm
Wall (Ground Floor)
1st Wall (Ground Floor)
3050mm = 3.05m
3.05m × 0.15 m = 0.46m2
0.46m2 × 2.6 kN/m2 = 1.19 kN – for 1 side wall
1.19 kN × 2 = 2.38 kN – for two sides wall
Ground Beam
1st Ground Beam
4049mm
3050mm
4049mm = 4.049m
0.15m × 0.3m × 4.049m = 0.18m3
0.18m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.37 kN
4.37 kN ÷ 2 = 2.19 kN
2nd Ground Beam
5450mm = 5.450m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.450m = 0.24m3
0.24m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.886 kN
5.886 kN ÷ 2 = 2.943 kN
5450mm
Total Load
*Choose the highlight values with red
1st Roof Beam 9.03
2nd Roof Beam 15.38
Column (1st Floor) 2.025
Wall (1st Floor) 2.38
1st Beam (1st Floor) 2.19
2nd Beam (1st Floor) 2.943
Slab 36.715
Column (Ground Floor) 2.16
Wall (Ground Floor) 2.38
1st Ground Beam 2.19
2nd Ground Beam 2.943
TOTAL LOAD 80.336 kN
2 nd FOUNDATION
Roof
1st Roof
Area = 12726600mm2 = 12.73m2
12.73m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 25.46 kN
2nd Roof
Area = 9926400mm2 = 9.93m2
9.93m2 × 2 kN/m2 = 19.86 kN
Roof beam
2830mm
1st Roof Beam
2830mm = 2.83m
0.15m × 0.3m × 2.83m = 0.13m3
0.13m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 3.12 kN
3.12 kN + 25.46 kN = 28.58 kN
28.58 kN ÷ 2 = 14.29 kN
2nd Roof Beam
2820mm = 2.820m
0.15m × 0.3m × 2.820m = 0.127m3
0.127m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 3.048 kN
3.048 kN + 19.86 kN = 22.91 kN
22.91 kN ÷ 2 = 11.45 kN
2820mm
3rd Roof Beam
3710mm = 3.710m
0.15m × 0.3m × 3.710m = 0.167m3
0.167m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.01 kN
4.01 kN ÷ 2 = 2.01 kN
Column (1 st Floor)
3820mm
3710mm
3820mm = 3.82m
3.82m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.09m3
0.09m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.16 kN
Wall (1 st Floor)
Wall (1st Floor)
3820mm = 3.82m
3.82m × 0.15 m = 0.57m2
0.57m2 × 2.6 kN/m2 = 1.48 kN – for 1 side wall
1.48 kN × 2 = 2.96 kN – for two sides wall
3820mm
Beam (1 st Floor)
1st Beam (1st Floor)
5080mm = 5.08m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.08m = 0.23m3
0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN
5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN
5120mm
5080mm
2nd Beam (1st Floor)
5120mm = 5.12m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.12m = 0.23m3
0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN
5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN
3rd Beam (1st Floor)
4410mm = 4.41m
0.15m × 0.3m × 4.41m = 0.20m3
0.20m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.8 kN
4.8 kN ÷ 2 = 2.4 kN
Slab
4410mm
LyLx > 2 = one way
LyLx < 2 = two way
10.093.59 = 2.81 = one way
12×10.09m × 3.59m = 18.11 m2
18.11 m2 × 7 kN/m2 = 126.78 kN
126.78 kN ÷ 2 = 63.39 kN
63.39 kN
3590mm
10090mm
Column (Ground Floor)
3820mm = 3.82m
3.82m × 0.15m × 0.15m = 0.086m3
0.086m3 × 24 kN/m3 = 2.064 kN
Wall (Ground Floor)
3820mm
3820mm
1st Wall (Ground Floor)
3820mm = 3.82m
3.82m × 0.15 m = 0.573m2
0.573m2 × 2.6 kN/m2 = 1.49 kN – for 1 side wall
1.49 kN × 2 = 2.98 kN – for two sides wall
Ground Beam
1st Ground Beam
5080mm = 5.08m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.08m = 0.23m3
0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN
5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN
5080mm
2nd Ground Beam
5120mm = 5.12m
0.15m × 0.3m × 5.12m = 0.23m3
0.23m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 5.52 kN
5.52 kN ÷ 2 = 2.76 kN
5120mm
4410mm
3rd Ground Beam
4410mm = 4.41m
0.15m × 0.3m × 4.41m = 0.20m3
0.20m3 × 24 kN/ m3 = 4.8 kN
4.8 kN ÷ 2 = 2.4 kN
Total Load
*Choose the highlight values with red
1st Roof Beam 14.29
2nd Roof Beam 11.45
3rd Roof Beam 2.01
Column (1st Floor) 2.16
Wall (1st Floor) 2.98
1st Beam (1st Floor) 2.76
2nd Beam (1st Floor) 2.76
3rd Beam (1st Floor) 2.40
Slab 63.39
Column (Ground Floor) 2.06
Wall (Ground Floor) 2.98
1st Ground Beam 2.76
2nd Ground Beam 2.76
3rd Ground Beam 2.40
TOTAL LOAD 117.16 KN
3 RD FOUNDATION
ROOF
Area of roof = 15011143mm2
= 15.01m2
Load = 15.01m2 x 2 kN/m2
= 30.32kN
ROOF BEAM
LENGTH
R.b = 2839mm = 2.839m
Selected Beam
R.b = 5150mm = 5.150m
R.b 1 = 0.15m x 0.13m x 2.839mm = 0.055 m3 (volume)
load R.b 1 =0.055m3 x 24kN/m3 = 1.32kN
R.b 2 = 0.15m x 0.13m x 5.150m = 0.1 m3 (volume)
Load R.b 2 = 0.1m3 x 24kN/m3 = 2.41kN
The transfer load (roof + roof beam) (A)
30.02kN +1.32 kN2 = 15.67 kN
The transfer load (roof beam) (B)
2.41 kN2 = 1.21 kN
COLUMN (FIRST FLOOR)
LENGTH = 3200mm = 3.2 m
VOLUME = 0.3m x 0.3m x 3.2m
= 0.288m3
LOAD = 0.288m3 x 24 kN/m3
= 6.91 kN (C)
WALL (FIRST FLOOR)
Area (thickness) = 0.15m x 3.2m
= 0.48m2
Load of one point = 1.248kN x 2
= 2.5 kN (D)
BEAM (FIRST FLOOR)
Load beam 1 = 1.32kN/2
= 0.66kN (E)
Load beam 2 = 2.41kN (F)
SLAB (FIRST FLOOR)
LyLx =
4.5m2.689m = 1.67 < 2 ( so, one way load distribution)
Area = 4.5m x 2.689m
= 12.06m2
Load = (12.06m2 / 2) x 7kN/m2
= 42.21 Kn (G)
COLUMN (GROUND FLOOR)
Length = 4100mm = 4.1m
Volume = 0.3m x 0.3m x 4.1m
= 0.369m3
Load = 0.369m3 x 24 kN/m3 = 8.856 kN (H)
WALL (GROUND FLOOR)
Area = 0.15m x 4.1m
= 0.62m2
Load = 0.62m2 x 2.6kN/m2
Load of one point = 1.61kN x 2
= 3.2kN (I)
GROUND BEAM
Load beam 1 = 0.66kN (J)
Load beam 2 = 2.41kN (K)
Total load = (A) – (K)
= 15.67 + 1.21 + 6.41 + 2.5 + 0.66 + 2.41 + 42.21 + 8.856 + 3.2 + 0.66 + 2.41
= 86.7 kN
Total Load
*Choose the highlight values with red
1st Roof Beam 15.67
2nd Roof Beam 1.21
Column (1st Floor) 6.41
Wall (1st Floor) 2.5
1st Beam (1st Floor) 0.66
2nd Beam (1st Floor) 2.41
Slab 42.21
Column (Ground Floor) 8.856
Wall (Ground Floor) 3.2
1st Ground Beam 0.66
2nd Ground Beam 2.41
TOTAL LOAD 86.7 kN
8.0 REFERRENCES
8.1 Internet
1. http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/introduction-to-the-calculation-
of-the-loads-building-construction/
2. http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/guide-to-foundation-design-
column-footings/
3. http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/calculation-of-loads-for-
foundation-design-structural-design/
4.
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