regional outline for east asia 8000 – 600 ce 600 – 1450 ce...
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Regional Outline for East Asia
8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics Dynasties with emperors-
mandate of heavenStart ofbureaucracy/meritocracy
Japan borrowed from ChinaIncreased bureaucracyTributary systemConstant threat from NorthPrince Shotoku thendaimyos
Fall of Ming frominternal/external - ManchuJapan: Warring StatesPeriod to TokogawaShogunateCentralized rule
Abdication of Qing,unification of ChinaFight for control with MaoJapan: abolishes feudalism,Civil code, regional govsNationalism = huge force
Decolonization from EuropeNominally democraticTensions- China and WestUSSR/China splitBirth of Chinese RepublicJapan: parliamentarycapitalism
Economy Lots of money flowing infrom Silk RoadsOtherwise agricultural
Paper moneyCredit or “ flying money”High taxes cause peasantrevoltsSerfs bound to land
China: trade withEuropeans in QingJapan: manufacturing,merchant class get wealthand power , urbanization,population growth
Provide labor forplantations/minesMeiji Restoration- quicklyindustrialized in Japan
Modernization of Japan,Taiwan, South KoreaPost- industrial/high-techLess affected by globaldepressionNeed natural resources
SocialClass/Gender
PatriarchalConfucian principlesWomen only power incourtScholars/officials military artisansFew live in cities
Code of Bushido- chivalryWomen lost freedom inJapan
Foreigners allowed in ChinaManchus higher thanChineseJapan: hierarchy becomesunbreakable, samurai at toplower class women morefree – upper obey or die
Rigid Tokogawa hierarchyendedMiddle class grows powerLower classes- horribleconditions, taxed a lot
Slow to embrace/toleratediversity and individualismHigh degree/variety socialservicesRise of feminism- suffrageWomen went worked WWIIFoot binding outlawed
Science/Inventions
Iron AgeModernized armyPaper, accuratesundials/calendars,agriculture improvementsplow)
Gunpowder for militaryBoasts = junksNavigation/block printingIron productionAgriculture technique population cities
Gunpowder more prevalentGlobalization of trade
British introduced opium toChinaWesternization of Japan
steamships/railroadsCommunication revolution
Atomic bombsNuclear weaponryMilitarism in JapanComputer, internet,biotechnology and geneticscience
Art/Architectu
re
Brush paintingPalaces
Infrastructure (roads, inns,postal stations)Japan: haiku, pencilsketches, ink sketches, Nohdrama, tea ceremony
Japan: kabuki theatrereplaces restrained drama,Woodblock prints = artform, borrowed Koreanceramics and western oilpainting
Artistic styles change morerapidly and radically thanever before
Theme for lit- resisting USNew style= cubismMovie industryUse of concrete and glassNew skepticism
Empire Collapse of empires inChina from internalproblems – economicdepression, naturalcatastrophe, social unrest
Mongol empires – conquerChina, but fail in Japan replaced by Ottoman Turksand Ju Yuanzahng of Mingdynasty
Japan empire centralizedFall of the Manchu empireInteraction with west =China – relatively isolated,Japan- periods of isolationand acceptance
The fall of China – opiumwars, internal rebellions,external lasses, BoxerRebellionJapanese imperialism-Taiwan, Korea, Russia
Japan- WWII- invadesManchuria, China, Siberia –taking over Southeast Asia,Bomb Pearl Harbor – bringsUS into war atomicbomb US occupies Japan
Religion Polytheism, animismancestor worshipConfucianism, LegalismDaoism, also spread ofBuddhism from India
Buddhist missionariesShinto religionInfluenced by monotheisticreligionsNeo- Confucian thought
New sects of Buddhismfrom China to JapanNeo- Confucianism increaseethnocentric, historicism,
rationalism)
Scientific/secular worldbecomes dominant
Religious fundamentalismWestern appreciation forscience spread
Regional Outline for Eastern Europe8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics Religion basedHierarchal system
Delegation ofresponsibilityBureaucraticcodification
6th century Justinianrule – restore Rome
Mongol invasion 1237-1241Russia divided into small kingdoms
Tartars controlleft day to day control to locals
Ivan III/IV -Free from Mongols – 1480Empire expanded eastward
Russia – centralization of authorityPeter the Great – St. Petersburg as
capitalParliamentary government
Secret policeFirst Russian navy
Russia – tsar continued to be allpowerful
Prussia – remained militaristic andauthoritarian
Duma created, but no real powerLocal rulers – zemstvoes regulate
roads, schoolsMilitary officers based on meritocracy
Tsarist regime falls apartArmy in full retreat
USSR formed – collapsesfollowing cold war
Soviet troops occupy all ofeastern Europe
Gorbachev tries to reformfrees E. European nations
updated authoritarian structure inreality
Economy Byzantine empireMost important western
terminal of the SilkRoad
Constantinople locatedon important trade routs
Trade lapsed under TartarsNorth-south commerce never returned
Moscow – trade, tribute collectorMost part, remained agricultural
Trades with nomadic people
Key economy bound to agricultureDevalued merchant class
Limited commercial exchangeSystemized tax systemMetallurgy and mining
Economics funded military
Backward position in tradeExported some grain to W. EuropeTrade deficit lessened by increasingserf output, not improving industry
realizes the need to industrializeBut sill doesn’ t want to be materialistic
COMECONEconomies nationalized
Collectivization under stateplanned control
Soviet welfare systemFocus on heavy industry
Lenin’s New economic policyRussia-five year plan
SocialClass/Gender
Serfdom began inMiddle Age
Original sin devalueswomen
Influx of jewsMonogamy replaced polygamy
Fairly free farmersBoyars-aristocrats-less political power
FeudalismPeter the Great encourages serfdomWomen and nobles forced to dress
in western fashionsMen shaved beards – denial of
Mongol traditionPower to upper class women
Emancipating serfs 1861but most indebted, life doesn’ t
improveIncreased literacy
Some upper class women have accessto new careers
Pogroms against Jews
Muslim population growthLenin’s New Economic Policy
gave freedom to small businesses,peasant landowners – more power
Education started to spread –literacy
ScienceInventions
Focus on Serfs-cheap labor forceimpeded invention or new
scientific ideasJohn Desarguliers builds firststeam engine outside England
Western machinery importedOutdated agricultural methods – hard
to competeMendel and some peas, Pavlov and
his dog
Cold War – Arms race, space raceScientists highly respectedResearch heavily funded
Direction/research determined bygovernment – want applied
science
Art/Architecture Hagia SophiaMosaic
Religion based
Ornate churchesIcons, illuminated manuscripts
Religious art vs. local music, street performerstheater
Not part of Renaissance due toilliterate Mongols
Architecture of city done by serfsRomanov Policy
Italian artists/architects to work onchurches/palaces
Beginning of some arts flourishTolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikivsky
Nationalist pride throughdictionaries, histories, folktales,
music
Art-attacked western styleClassical arts
Literature walked line of angeringgovernment – still discussed
patriotism/Russian
Empire Byzantine Empire Kievan Ruscould not replicate Byzantine
Kievan decline – rival princes set up regionalgovernments
Rapid decline of Byzantium
Connection to Byzantine Empiremarried niece of emperor
Expansion – fought Ottoman EmpireFall of Byzantine Empire (1453)
Religion Animist – gods of sun,thunder, wind and fire
Vladimir I convert to Christianityforced conversion
Splendor of Orthodox religious ceremoniesReligion allowed to have vernacular languages
Orthodox Christianity moved toMoscow
Romanov family – state control overRussian Orthodox Church
Russification – all Russians had toconvert to Orthodoxy
Soviet schools taught religion asmyth under Stalin
No church service to under 18
Regional Outline for Latin America
8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics - The leaders are related to
divinity (priests)Hierarchal system
Arrival of Cortes (1518)Annihilates existing politicalsystemCodified laws
ColonizationImplement own governmentEuropeans immigrate)
Religion (Catholic) plays astrong influence in gov’ t
DecolonizationMajority rulesSeries of juntas/dictatorships
Economy - Little tradeInternally basedMostly agricultureLarge marketplaces
Cortes – tradingEncomiendasHaciendasTrade of cropsBrought beasts of burden improved agriculture
improved technologydependentEurope sucks naturalresources/profitsmonoculture
Europe cannot maintainMonocultureDifficulty industrializingHeavily dependent on naturalresources (Venezuela)
SocialClass/Gender
priests ruleshierarchalpatriarchal ( though womenappreciated)
more hierarchal (by race)depreciation of womenEuropean influence)
Continued hierarchyNew castes created (creoles,mestizos )
Society opens upMore egalitarianSome meritocracyExisting racism
Science/Inventions
CalendarNo wheelsRoad systemChinampas
medical advances ( longer lifespan)Wheel brought in (levers,pulleys)Brought in writing system (forIncan empire)
primitive anesthesiatools for probing, incision,organ extractionblood lettingtransfer of Europeaninventions/influenced
innovation continuedbeginning industrializationextracting natural resourcesscience/inventions gottenthrough trade
Art/Architecture
ZigguratsReligion-based
Western/religion (Christian based) artMix of original Spanish and Western art
Combination of European,indigenous, and Christian arts.
Empire - AztecsIncasMayansToltecs, etc.
decimated ( guns, germs, steel)Iberian rule
Spanish/Portuguese empireTreaty of Tordesillas ( 1949)Portuguese King moves toBrazilSome French influence
split into many countriesGeneral Boliva: legacy of antiAmerican, influenced manycountriesNo strong institutions due todependency
Religion - AnimismPolytheismWorship of nature, etc.
West considered GodsLose belief in previous GodsWest brought ChristianityInfluenced ( little syncretism:superstitions created)
Christianity heavilyencouraged
Atheism agnostics increasedLegacy of CatholicismSociety more free to choosereligion
Regional Outline for Mediterranean
8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics - Persian Empire: governors
and law codeGreece: city states (Athenian
democracy)Roman Republic (510 - 23
BCE): Senate/AssemblyRoman Empire (23 BCE – 576
CE): bureaucrats
Byzantine: absoluteauthority
Secular rulersJustianian Code
Spain: Ferdinand + IsabellaChristian North +
Muslim South) = nationstate
Unification of Italy – VictorEmmanuel (1870) (helped byRevolution of 1848) - Italybefore (mid 1800s): foreigncontrolled small kingdoms
power of nationalismIberian colonies freeing selvesItaly: Triple Alliance
WWI - Conflict in BalkansItaly changes sides for alliances
want N territories controlledby Austria (later got some,but not all they wanted)
Interwar – Fascist Italy,Mussolini – aggression
no absolutes!
Economy Trade – among Med (1stcontrolled by Phoenicians/Greeks), and also with AfricaTrans-Saharan) and Silk
Roads (connected to China)necessary b/c large scale
agriculture impossible
East Byzantine: tradeat crossroadscommercial, culturalconnections
Byzantines not dominantIberian wave of explorationstart off strong, later replaced
by more W. EuropeGot lots of wealth, but spent
just as quicklyN. Italian city-states rich
N. Italy industrializesPortuguese coastal settlements
esp. India), and quite harshw/ African colonies
Italy – not really colonizinghumiliating loss to Ethiopia)
Interwar period – global econcrisis
Fascists want to protectenterprise
Economic Globalization – Italyin G-8
SocialClass/Gender
Classes:citizens (adult males)free people (no pol rights)noncitizens, slaves
or patricians, plebians, slavesWomen: inferior (marry in
teens) but role in religion
SerfdomWomen: domestic
participate in trade/craft
Women: Overall Europesome awareness ofinjustices
limited opportunities
Women: some movement toequality (esp.industrialization)
also w/ indus.: changes inclasses (rise of middle)
Fascists (unlike Communists)don’ t want to eliminateprivate property, classdistinctions
Women: roles changed duringwar - suffrage
Science/Inventions MedicineAstronomy (Ptolemy)Engineering (Roman roads,
aqueducts)Philosophy
slavery – applied sci behind
Printing press – Gutenberg1436): increased impact of
new ideas1252: Gunpowder to EuropeMuslims in Spain maintained
Greek/Roman learning
Muslims) Preserved past –added to math and science
Navigational techScientific Revolution
Many associated w/Industrial Revolution
Mussolini – attempts tomodernize Italy (broughtmedicine/tech tobackward parts)
Art/Architecture Classical – pillars, archesrealistic human statuesliterature (Homer)
Rome borrowed from G
Greek Orthodox Church:Blend of Greek & Roman
elementsDomesIcons
Cathedrals – Romanesque,Gothic
Exploration/colonizationensured spread of culture
Renaissance (esp. Italy) -Humanism
Artists experimented withnew styles
New literary trendsRomanticism, realism)
Media used for propagandae.g. for war) –
AdvertisementsMore new styles (cubism)
Empire Alexander the GreatCollapse of Roman
split into east and westinternal/external factors
East Roman ByzantineJustianian reconquest of N.
Africa, Italy, Spain coast)
Byzantine800 CE Holy Roman
Empire starts in West
Greece/Rome essentiallyforgotten
Weakening of Byzantine
Splitting into differentcountries (e.g. new nationof Italy)
Greece, Egypt launchindependence movements
Eastern Question – decline ofOttoman
Spanish Civil War (trainingground for new weapons) –not so directly involved inWW
No longer a unifying empire,but separate countrieshard to make generalizations
Religion Originally polytheisticConstantine: Edict of Milan
313 CE) legal status toChristianity
Byzantine = Greek OrthodoxChurch
West = Roman Catholic Church1054 Great Schism)
Spain –ties w/ Catholic churchSpanish Inquisition for hereticsProtestant Reformation/Catholic Reformation
Mostly continuities – e.g.Scientific Rev. challengedaspects of Roman Catholicism,but people learned to be both
Now most of the area = RomanCatholic, but some EasternChurches (Orthodox, etc), someSunni Muslim
Regional Outline for Middle East8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics - city-statecontrolled city and
surrounding area
Caliphspolitical unrestsuccession
problemIslam-Theocratic Rulers-codified Islamic law
SultanProvincial gov’ tcentralized power
Ottoman declinecentralized, butnot around economy
Turkish stateSultan kicked out
Ataturk- father of the Turks
Economy Tradegreat tradersagricultural
Participated in tradeTrans Sahara TradeSilk Road/RouteIndian Ocean Trade
Initially dominated tradebeginning)Indian Ocean, African
Coast
Trade still go onno longer dominant
traders/master traders
WWI- join central powerlost)Attempted”
IndustrializationIran, Iraq- Oil supply
Social Class/Gender - Men work (more freedom)Women confined to homeSlavery (owned slaves)from E.Africa
Education- moreopportunitiesWomen- married at puberty
equal before Allah
Harems establishedfemale slaves, women had
some rightsSocial Class: 1)Sultan2)Gov’ t Officials 3)RegOfficials 4)General peoplepeasants, Merchants..)
Womenstayed same, had some
property rightsnot really property of menhardly any rightsdevalued
WomenEven with pressure from
West. Stayed samenegative effect, treatmentsstill had to wear the clothes
to cover the whole body
Science/Inventions - Independent innovations4000BCE Bronze, CopperWheel, irrigation canalsnumber system (from
India, improved)Navigation tools
MathematicsAlgebra, Geometry…etc
Science -Objectiveexperiment
classificationnavigation: astrolabe
improvedMedicine
Military Techcanons, gunsadvanced medicallyMedicinesScience- navigation tools,
atstronomy
Affected by westernscience
overtaken (no longerdominantstayed isolated
Fall of USSRstart accepting west
influence
Art/Architecture ArchitectureZigguratsglory of civilization
Calligraphy, designsMinaretsMosquesLiterature
Poetic works: ArabianNights”
MosquesMinaretsMosaics
Artsstill had MosquesMinaretsMosaicsstyles still there, but
due to decline of empire,corruption, little time for art
Artsstill have, but not much
developmentsimprovements
Empire Regional KingdomBabyloniansAcadians…etc
Islamicregular civil wars1258 Mongols overran
Islamic empire
Ottoman EmpireGunpowder Empire”
Safavid Persia
Sick man of Europe”decline of Ottoman EmpireBalkansseeking independence
Young TurksSecularization, sceiences
technologyIran vs IraqTurkey formed
Religion - PolytheisticAnimisticMany gods
IslamSuffi’srespect for Jews/Christians
People of the book
Islamdivided
Sunni vs. Shi’ a
Islamstill the unifying forcetensions between Sunni vs.
Shi’ a still occurstill tolerant of other
religions to some extent
Islammore focused on religiontried to become like before
Regional Outline for South Asia
8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - Present
Politics Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Aryans (1500 BCE)
16 states
Then Maurya (321-185
BCE)
Central, powerful military
Then Gupta Empire (320 –
550 CE)
Central control w/ village
gov’ ts
Collapse of Delhi sultanate
in 1300’s
Centralized under Mughal Mughal empire, Buhudar
Shahill sent into exile
Indian National congress
Ghandi
European influence
Nationalism
Indian National Congress
Push for independence
finally get after WWII)
Economy Active trade and
communication with Sumer
Ashoka (Maurya) promote
trade with rest areas for
travelers and Buddhist
missionaries
Trade with Mesopotamia –
Silk, cotton, elephants
Silk Road
Indian Ocean trade and
Trade with Islamic World,
China, East Africa and
Persia
Traded: cotton, silk,
elephants, gems, cinnamon,
and salt
Thrived due to cotton trade European traders
British East India Company
Globalization facilitate and
create greater trade across
the globe
Social
Class/Gender
Warrior aristocracy/
enslaved Dravidians
Arayans stratify class –
Varna – four classes
Patriarchal
Customs devalued women
More isolated – purdh
Caste system Patriarchal
Treatment of women better
under Akbar (initially) –
allowed widows to remarry
and intermarry between
Hindus and Muslims,
portray talents openly
More racial based
Abolish inhumane cultural
traditions (Sati)
Still patriarchal w/ caste
system
Science/Inventions Pi, Zero, numerical system,
medicine, astronomy,
plastic surgery
Gunpowder technology European education
promotes science/ invention
Art/Architecture Paintings, temples,
sculptures, courtyard
Blended w/ Muslim
Arches, domes
Taj Mahal
Roads, railroads, canals
Empire Indus Mughal
Gunpowder empire
Decline: due to opening to
foreign control
British colony After civil war: India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh
Religion Hinduism…Buddhism Islam,
Hinduism, Buddhism
Islam, Buddhism… though
mostly Hindu
Hindu, Islam, Buddhism,
Christianity (though not
very popular)
Muslim minority
Regional Outline for ___United States___________
1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics - democrats imposed on
citizensmen- allowed to vote,
no suffrage rule yetJohn Locke- social
contract inspiredself-determination”
1776- Declaration ofIndependence1787- Constitutionthree branches or
checks and balance)democracy-
unbalanced amonggenders for suffrage
remained democracy1965- allwomen can voterichest nation
with hugepowersphere ofinfluences
Economy Columbian Exchange-new food source,animals, resourcestransferred betweenEurope and AmericasAfrican Slave Trade-benefits US for itscheap labor
involved in tradesWW1- war creditorsone of the top 5
trading empirebenefit through
colonization, exploitednatural resources
WW2- rose to dominateworld due to othercountries weredestroyed in the warhighly industrializedearned a lot of profit
with imports/exports
SocialClass/Gender
Women- inferior tomenEnlightenment ideas-
push forfreedoms/rights ofwomenpeasants, wealthy,
nobility
Women’s reform-1830s for family,divorce lawWomen’s sphereMoving towardsuffrageClass determined byracesHuge middle classgroups
patriarchal societieswomen have more job
opportunity in themodern periodsuffrage- given 1965class determined by
wealth
Science/Inventions
8000 -1450 CE
depending on regions (tribal societies)different region had different way of controlling
their peopleno central authority
pastoral/hunter gather societies- tribesagriculture- have lots of great farmers,
producing their regional crops
class determined by age (the oldest receive morerespect and power)
people who owed a lot of horses, equipments,crops, families
matrilineal societies
develop own farming equipments
borrowed a lot from theChinese, Arabs andIslamic world
1800s- textile factorysystem brought fromEuropeTechnologicalinnovation- spurredindustrialization
more advance navy,militarily equipments,creators and producersof luxury products
Art/Architecture Borrowed ideas fromvariousempires/countries suchas Indian, Europeans,China etc…
influenced byEuropean/ Asianarchitecture-Renaissance/Indianbuilding styles
still borrowed ideasfrom Europeartists/architects
Empire fragmented regions, nocentral authority to ruleand combine all areastogether yet
Monroe Doctrine 1823used British navy
Spanish AmericanEmpirecontrolled Philippine,
Guar, Puerto Rico
Still a big empiredistributedproducts to earninfluenced onother nations toinvest in USpowerful
Religion
depending on regionsteepee, thatch roof house, huts etc…
No empire- series of tribe societies
most were animistsome don’t believe in god at all
Christianity Christianity dominated,some still polytheists,animists, or secular
Christianity remainedstrong, some minority –remained their owntraditional religions
Regional Outline for Western Europe
8000 – 600 CE 600 – 1450 CE 1450-1750 CE 1750 – 1914 CE 1914 - PresentPolitics democracy (Greece),
republic (Rome),Small feudal kingdomsDecentralizationHoly Roman Empire,Franks, English
MonarchiesEmerging nationalism
Emergingconstitutionalmonarchiesrivalries betweennations strong
Experiments withsocialism, communismSwing between rightand left wings
Economy Trade within regions,sometimes tradethrough silk road
ManorialismSelf-sufficientSome Trade
European exploration:start of mercantilismcolonialismColumbian Exch.
mercantilism reallytook offmass production ofgoodsglobal trade
GloballyinterconnectedCapitalismIndustrialized nationsbetter
SocialClass/Gender
Germanic tribesSerfdomSlaves, citizen, freewomen inferior
Feudalism/ ChivalryPower by land ownersPeasants tied to land
Hierarchical systembased on race andethnocentrismwomen devalued
Enlightenment ideasgave women riseend of slave traderacism still exists
FeminismAttempts to end racismpersecution jews,minoritiesmeritocracy
Science/Inventions Pythagoras, createdfield of medicine
Gutenberg – PrintingPress
Lateen SailsScientific RevolutionNavigation technology
Industrial RevolutionAssembly line, massproduction, technologyin general
nuclear power,Internet,
Art/Architecture Domed, ideal humanform, literary works,such as Epic by Homer
Gothic stylePolyphonic music
RenaissanceHumanism
beginning of modernart—abstract art,cubism, impressionism
New uses of concreteand glass, Movies,Cubism
Empire Greece, Rome Holy Roman Empire England, Iberia…nation states emerge
Imperialismalways expanding andcolonizing
Empires broken upcolonies independent,self determination
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