reducing dwi with interlocks the new mexico experience
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Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 1
Reducing DWI With InterlocksThe New Mexico Experience
8th Ignition Interlock SymposiumAugust 26-7, 2007
Richard Roth, Robert Voas, Paul Marques
Supported by PIRE, NHTSA, and NM TSB
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 2
New York Times Editorial November 25, 2006
.. “The initial (MADD) goal, which is backed by associations of State highway officials and car manufacturers, is to have all states do what New Mexico has already done: require that all convicted drunken drivers, even first-time offenders, have devices installed in their cars that measure alcohol in the breath and immobilized the car if levels exceed set limits.”
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 3
An Ignition Interlock is anElectronic Probation Officer
• Dedicated Probation Officer in Front Seat• On duty 24 hours per day• Tests and Records daily BAC’s • Allows only Alcohol-Free Persons to Drive.• Reports All Violations to the Court• Costs Offender only $2.30 per day.
(1 less drink per day)
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 4
New Mexico Interlock Laws• 1999 Optional for 2nd and 3rd DWI. • 2002 Mandatory for all Aggravated and
Subsequent DWIs. Indigent Fund• 2003 Ignition Interlock License Act:
….an alternative to revocation. • 2005 Mandatory Interlocks for all DWIs:
1yr for 1st ; 2 for 2nd ; 3 for 3rd ; Lifetime for 4+
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 5
NM Interlock RegulationsNM DOT
http://ipl.unm.edu/traf/rules/interlockrules.doc
• Objective: To implement Interlock Laws• Licensing of manufacturers, service
centers, operators, and installers• Device standards & recording requirements • Installation, servicing, and removal. • Record keeping and reporting requirements
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 6
Interlocks are Effective, Cost-Effective and Fair
• Interlocks reduce DWI re-arrests by 40-90%• They reduce the economic impact of drunk
driving by $3 to $7 for every $1 of cost.• Interlocks are perceived as a fair sanction by
85% of over 5000 offenders surveyed.
• ..But they only work if… • you get them installed.
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 7
Interlock Installations per Year in New MexicoData from Interlock Providers. Plot by Dr. Richard Roth
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 8
Currently-Installed Interlocks per Million Residents by State2006 Data from 8 of 9 US Interlock Distributors; Plot by Dick Roth June 15, 2006
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500N
ew M
exic
o
Iow
a
Was
hing
ton
Mar
ylan
d
Nor
th C
arol
ina
Ariz
ona
Col
orad
o
Okl
ahom
a
Virg
inia
Uta
h
Ark
ansa
s
Mic
higa
n
Wes
t Virg
inia
Texa
s
Ore
gon
Mis
sour
i
Idah
o
Flor
ida
Sout
h D
akot
a
Del
awar
e
Illin
ois
Ohi
o
Penn
sylv
ania
Geo
rgia
Loui
sian
a
How does New Mexico compare with other states in interlock utilization?
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 9
Do Interlocked Offenders have a Lower Re-Arrest Rate?
• Court Mandated Installations of Interlocks. --Selected as installations within 90 days after conviction. N = 3089
• Voluntary Installations. --Selected as all others. N = 4961
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 10
Interlock Clients in New Mexico by Year and Reason For Installation
759 1026 1304
1117
1682
2162
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2003 2004 2005
Year of Interlock Installation
Voluntary: Installedbefore conviction ormore than 90 days afterconvictionMandated (Installedwithin 90 days after aConviction)
Court Mandated vs Voluntary Installations
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 11
Recidivism of Mandated Interlocked Offenders vs Comparison Group by Conviction Number
6.4%
8.1% 8.3%
2.6%3.2% 3.6%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
C# = 1 C# = 2 C# = 3
DWI Convictions Prior to Installation
Rear
rest
ed w
ithin
1 y
ear
Comparison Groups(RED) Interlocked Groups(GREEN)
Effectiveness with Court Mandated Offenders
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 12
Recidivism of Non-mandated Interlocked offenders vs Comparison Group by Arrest Number
9.1%
12.0%
1.5% 1.6%
3.6%
6.8%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
A# = 1 A# = 2 A# = 3+
DWI Arrests prior to Installation
% R
e-ar
rest
ed w
ithin
1 y
ear
RED=Comparison Groups GREEN=Interlocked Groups
Effectiveness with Volunteers ie. Not court-mandated
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 13
Recidivism of NM Drivers after a DWI ConvictionData from CTS407; Plot by Dick Roth 8/17/07
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%19
8519
8619
8719
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
06
Year of Conviction
Frac
tion
Re-A
rres
ted
With
in 1
Yea
r
Cravens Crash Ignition Interlock
Law
Down 30%
Down 36%
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 14
Recidivism of 58779 NM DWI Offenders
Before and After First Mandatory Interlock Law
Time after Conviction (years)
2.01.51.0.50.0
One
Min
us C
um S
urvi
val
.16
.14
.12
.10
.08
.06
.04
.02
0.00
Year of Conv
2001-2
2003-5
8.0% Before
6.7% After
A 16% Reduction
Statewide recidivism decreased.
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 15
Recidivism of 4855 SF County DWI Offenders
Before and After First Mandatory Interlock Law
Time after Conviction (years)
2.01.51.0.50.0
Fra
ctio
n R
earr
este
d fo
r D
WI
.16
.14
.12
.10
.08
.06
.04
.02
0.00
Year of Conv
2001-2
2003-5
8.7% Before
6.2% After
A 29% Reduction
Before
After
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 16
NM Alcohol-Involved Crash Rate
2.02
2.802.882.92
2.59
2.07
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cra
shes
per
100
0 D
river
s
30% drop in 4 years826 Fewer A-I Crashes in 2006 than in 2002 before interlocks
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 17
Fewer Alcohol Involved Fatal Crashes and Fatalities
NM Alcohol-Involved Fatal Crashes 16% Decrease in 3 Years
167176184
198
0
50
100
150
200
2002 2003 2004 2005
NM Alcohol-Involved Fatalities
194219
0
50
100
150
200
250
2004 2005
11% Decrease in 1 year
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 18
NM DWI Fatalities (in Red), and Lives Saved (in Green),Data from NM TSB; Plot by Dick Roth
225214
219
194 191
6
31 34
11
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
82 Lives Saved in the 4 years since Interlocks became mandatory in 2003
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 19
Survey of Interlocked Offenders
Helped Reduce My Drinking
Helped Reduce My Drinking
SAAUDSD
Perc
ent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Benefits Outweigh Costs
Benefits Outweigh Costs
SAAUDSD
Perc
ent
40
30
20
10
0
All Arrested for DWI Should Have Interlocks
All Arrested for DWI Should Have Interlocks
SAAUDSD
Perc
ent
40
30
20
10
0
Effectively Reduce Drunk Driving
Effectively Reduce Drunk Driving
SAAUDSD
Perc
ent
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
77% 81%
69% 63%
N = 796
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 20
Interlocks Installed by Provider in NM
ADS2%
Dra46%
Gua10%
Lif22%
SS13%
CST6%
ACS1%
January to September 2006
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 210.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
McKinley
San Juan
Curry
Otero
Grant
Dona Ana
Roosevelt +3
San Miguel
Luna+1
Lincoln
Socorro +2
Chavez
Colfax+3
Lea
New Mexico
Cibola
Bernalillo
Torrance
Sandoval
Taos
Eddy
Valencia
Rio Arriba
Santa Fe
Los Alamos
Interlocks Installed Per Conviction in First 9 months of 2006
Caution: this figure includes installations by persons not convicted, and changes of provider.
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 220.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
McKinley
Curry
Otero
San Juan
Grant
Dona Ana
San Miguel
Colfax+3
Roosevelt +3
Lincoln
Socorro +2
Taos
New Mexico
Lea
Luna+1
Cibola
Bernalillo
Chavez
Sandoval
Valencia
Santa Fe
Los Alamos
Rio Arriba
Torrance
Eddy
Interlocks Installed per DWI Arrest by County in NM
Jan-Sept 2006
Caution: Includes
some changes
of Provider.
Room for Improvement
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 23
Surveys of 2440 DWI Offenders at 10 Albuquerque Victim Impact Panels. Responses to the questions:
1.Did the court mandate that you install an interlock? 2. Have you installed an interlock already?
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
May-05
Jun-05
Jul-05
Aug-05
Sep-05
Oct-05
Feb-06
2006 2006 Jun-06
% Mandated % Installed before VIP
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 24
Proposals to Close NM Loopholes1. Add “or electronic monitoring” for No car.2. Vehicle Forfeiture for driving while revoked
without an interlock.3. Vehicle Immobilization or Interlock between
arrest and adjudication.4. Crime to contribute to circumvention.5. Apply interlock sanction to juvenile
offenders.6. Mandate a period of alcohol-free DRIVING
before getting unrestricted license.
Roth 8/26/07 2007 Interlock Symposium 25
Legislative Recommendations1. Immobilization or Interlock between DWI
arrest and adjudication. 2. Mandatory Interlock for at least one year
for all convicted offenders with electronic monitoring or urine testing as the only alternatives.
3. Compliance Based Removal. Requirement: No recorded BAC > .05 by any driver for a year.
4. Interlock License as an Alternative to Revocation.
5. An Indigent Fund with objective standards.6. Mandatory Period of Interlock before
Unrestricted License Reinstatement.
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