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UGC Jr.No.: 45308 Impact Factor: 1.14 | SJIF 2016:3.343 | ISI 2017-2018: 0673 SJIF 2017: 4.253 |
Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research [EIJFMR]
SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY STATISTICS IN INDIA
Assistant Professor of Economics Government Arts & Science College,
Ambalapuzha
ALBERT ANTONY .T
Assistant Professor of Mathematics P M Government College Chalakudy
ABSTRACT As the economy grows and diversifies, the need of energy both in quantity and quality gets enhanced making it imperative that besides making quantum jumps in the existing sources of energy, new sources of energy need to be unearthed. Energy sector is one of the most important segments of the economic infrastructure in every economy. This paper looks into the recent trends in India’s energy sector and attempts to analyze the energy statistics of India in detail. The skewed distribution of lignite has actually limited the use of lignite as an energy source in India. Renewable power in India shows that in 2017 and 2018, Gujarat was at the top of wind power energy production in India while in the case of small hydro power Karnataka was the forerunner. In the case of power from biomass, Punjab occupied the first position followed by Maharashtra. It is interesting to note that Rajasthan had the highest potential in the production of solar energy in India. Commercial sources of energy in India mainly include coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas and electricity.
Keywords: Commercial Sources of Energy, Non-Renewable Sources, Structural Changes, Coal, LPG, Compound Annual Growth Rate, Trends in Growth Rate, SD
I. INTRODUCTION
It is indeed obvious that for an economy to
grow in a more sustainable way, a well-equipped
and dynamic energy sector is indispensable.
Realizing this, world over, countries have been
trying to invest in large volume in the energy
sector aiming at the efficiency and diversification
of the sector so as to cater to the emerging
requirements. As the economy grows and
diversifies, the need of energy both in quantity
and quality gets enhanced making it imperative
that besides making quantum jumps in the
existing sources of energy, new sources of energy
need to be unearthed. Energy sector is one of the
most important segments of the economic
infrastructure in every economy. It not only
supports the needs of the domestic users but also
facilities the progress of other real sectors such as
the manufacturing and agriculture sector of an
economy. With the advent of capital intensive
technology in both the manufacturing and
agrarian sector, the use of energy has increased
manifold. The farm sector in India has also
started using enormous energy consequent upon
the commencement of green revolution in mid
1960s. As is well known, the power sector in
India has been one of the most diversified in the
world. India has been engaged in the production
of energy using both conventional and non-
conventional sources. The conventional sources
include coil, natural gas, lignite, hydro, oil and
nuclear power while non-conventional sources
cover wind, solar, and energy from waste both
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RECENT TRENDS IN INDIA’S ENERGY
Dr. PRADEEP KUMAR .B
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agricultural and domestic wastes. Obviously, the
growth and structural change in the economy as
reflected in the contribution of different sectors to
the GDP has necessitated the heavy investment in
the energy sector, and it is important to note that
investment on the energy sector has also been
raised in recent times. Against this background,
this paper looks into the recent trends in India’s
energy sector and attempts to analyze the energy
statistics of India in detail. The paper is structured
as follows.
An overview of Energy planning in India In 1960s itself, India understood the
significance of integrated energy planning in such
way as to satisfy the growing energy
requirements for a developing economy like
India. To study the demand and supply of energy
in those days, Government of India set up
committee called Energy Survey of India
Committee in 1963. This committee gave
importance to the energy planning especially in
rural area and provided a framework for
determining the prices of various types of energy
sources in India. In fact, the recommendations of
this Committee were valuable in those days as it
laid down the foundation for the building of a
self-energy India in the energy sector. In 1970,
the Fuel Policy Committee was appointed to look
into the pattern of energy use in India besides
analyzing the supply and demand conditions of
energy market in India. In 1973 the world was
affected by the Oil price shock, and the Fuel
Policy Committee had recommended that it
would be better to shift from oil based energy
production to coal and electricity. The Working
Group on Energy Policy (WGEP) was another
expert group constituted by the Government of
India in 1977. The recommendations of WGEP
provided a broad framework for energy sector
planning in the Sixth Five-Year Plan.
Even though both FPC and WGEP
emphasized the need for integrated energy
planning, in practice however, no formal
institutional mechanism could be evolved on a
firm footing for examining the various policy
issues on an integrated basis. It was in this
context that the Advisory Board on Energy
(ABE) was set up in 1983 on the eve of
formulation of the Seventh Five-Year Plan.
Analysis of Energy Statistics in India: Lignite
In the case of the estimation of lignite
reserves in India, it could be found that the
volume of lignite available is the highest in Tamil
Nadu followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Reserves of lignite are found to be lowest in
Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal. The
skewed distribution of lignite has actually limited
the use of lignite as an energy source in India.
Table 1- Statewide Estimated Reserves of Lignite in India
States/ UTs Distribution (%)
31.03.2017 31.03.2018 Gujarat 5.96 6.09 Jammu & Kashmir 0.07 0.06 Kerala 0.02 0.02 Pondicherry 0.92 0.93 Rajasthan 13.91 12.83 TamilNadu 79.12 80.05 West Bengal 0.01 0.01 All India 100.00 100.00
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Growth Rate of POL in India Turning towards the Compound Annual
Growth Rate of POL in India, interesting trends
could be observed. For instance CAG of LPG
declined during the period between 1974-79 to
2012-17. In 1980s, it touched 18.4 percent but by
2002-2007, it plummeted to 7.2 percent. In the
case of Naphta also, we observe similar upward
and downward trend over the reference period.
Although the CAG of Bitumen was negative in
mid 1970s and early 1980s, by the second half of
1980 it became 12.6 percentages and continued to
so in the rest of the times with certain declining
trend especially in 2007-12 (Table No.2).
Table 2- Compounded Average Rate of Pol Growth during Plan Periods
Product 1974-79 1980-85 1985-90 1992-97 1997- 2002 2002-07 2007-12 2012-17
LPG 8.7 18.4 18.9 10.0 12.6 7.0 7.2 7.0 Naphtha 10.4 5.3 1.4 6.4 20.1 3.4 -4.2 3.4 MS -0.1 6.9 10.9 6.8 7.2 5.8 10.1 9.7 ATF 8.2 3.2 5.8 6.7 0.9 12.0 6.8 4.9 SKO 3.7 9.0 6.7 3.9 0.5 -1.8 -2.8 -8.1 HSD 9.8 6.9 8.6 9.1 0.9 3.3 8.6 3.3 LDO -1.0 -1.1 4.4 -3.5 5.4 -14.7 -10.4 1.6 Lubricants -2.3 3.2 6.9 1.7 2.3 10.8 6.7 5.3 FO & LSHS 2.4 2.3 2.1 4.6 2.4 -0.6 -5.9 -5.0 Bitumen -2.4 -2.6 12.6 5.9 2.6 8.2 3.9 4.9 ALL PRODUCTS 4.8 5.4 6.9 6.8 4.9 3.8 4.2 5.6
A look at the average trends in the growth over
the entire period would appear to be giving
more insights to the entire gamut of trend in
the POL items. LPG showed an average trend
during the time to the tune of 11.25 percent
while both HSD and ATF showcased a trend
hovering 6 percent (Figure No.1). Further,
during the period under this analysis, much
variation in growth rate has been shown by
Naphtha. ATF appears to have shown much
less variation in its growth rate over the period
under the consideration of the present study
(Table No. 3)
Figure 1 Average Trends in POL
ALL PRODUCTS 5.3 Bitumen 4.1375 FO & LSHS 0.2875 Lubricants 4.325 -2.4125 LDO HSD 6.3125 SKO 1.3875 ATF 6.0625 MS 7.1625 Naphtha 5.775 LPG 11.225
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Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research [EIJFMR]
25
20
15
10
5
0
Table 3- Descriptive Statistics of POL
Product Average Trend SD LPG 11.225 4.95775 Naphtha 5.775 7.142779 MS 7.1625 3.460775 ATF 6.0625 3.317459 SKO 1.3875 5.559146 HSD 6.3125 3.342128 LDO -2.4125 7.002334 Lubricants 4.325 3.987391 FO & LSHS 0.2875 3.815172 Bitumen 4.1375 5.104043 ALL PRODUCTS 5.3 1.119949
Figure 3 - CAG of Naphta
Estimated Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in India: Statewise
Table 4- Estimated Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in India
States/ UTs/
Region
Crude Petroleum (million tonnes) Natural Gas (billion cubic metres) 31.03.2017 31.03.2018 31.03.2017 31.03.2018
Estimate d
Reserves
Distributi on (%)
Estimate d
Reserves
Distributi on (%)
Estimate d
Reserves
Distributi on (%)
Estimate d
Reserves
Distributi on (%)
Arunach al Pradesh
1.52
0.25
1.74
0.29
0.72
0.06
1.26
0.09
Andhra Pradesh 8.15 1.35 7.94 1.34 48.31 3.75 59.89 4.47
Assam 159.95 26.48 160.34 26.97 158.57 12.30 161.65 12.07 Cold Bed Methane (CBM)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
106.67
8.27
105.94
7.91
Eastern Offshore1
40.67
6.73
40.42
6.80
507.76
39.37
510.83
38.13
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Gujarat 118.61 19.63 118.20 19.88 62.28 4.83 58.23 4.35 Nagaland 2.38 0.39 2.38 0.40 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.01
Rajastha n 24.55
4.06
17.99
3.03
34.86
2.70
54.85
4.09
Tamil Nadu 9.00
1.49
9.16
1.54
31.98
2.48
39.11
2.92
Tripura 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.01 36.10 2.80 35.20 2.63 Western Offshore 2
239.20
39.60
236.25
39.74
302.35
23.44
312.52
23.33 Total 604.10 100.00 594.49 100.00 1289.70 100.00 1339.57 100.00
Gujarat, Assam and Western offshore were
leading the nation in respect of the estimated
reserves of Crude petroleum in both 2017 and
2018. But In the case of Natural Gas, Eastern
Offshore came top with a distribution of 39.37
percent of the total availability of natural gas
in India
Statewide availability of Renewable Power in India
The table depicting the statewide availability
of renewable power in India shows that in
2017 and 2018, Gujarat was at the top of wind
power energy production in India while in the
case of small hydro power Karnataka was the
forerunner. In the case power from biomass,
Punjab occupied the first position followed by
Maharashtra. It is interesting to note that
Rajasthan had the highest potential in the
production of solar energy in India.
Table 5 - Sourcewise and Statewise Estimated Potential of Renewable Power in India as on 31.03.2018
Sl. No .
States/ UTs Wind Power @ 100m
Small Hydro Power
Biomas s Power
Cogeneratio n-bagasse
Waste to Energ y
Solar Energ y
Total Estimate d Reserves
Distributio n (%)
1 Andhra Pradesh
44229
978
578
300
123
38440
84648
7.72
2 Arunachal Pradesh
1341
8
8650
10000
0.91
3 Assam 239 212 8 13760 14218 1.30 4 Bihar 223 619 300 73 11200 12415 1.13 5 Chhattisgarh 77 1107 236 24 18270 19714 1.80 6 Goa 1 7 26 880 913 0.08 7 Gujarat 84431 202 1221 350 112 35770 122086 11.14 8 Haryana 110 1333 350 24 4560 6377 0.58 9 Himachal
Pradesh
2398 142
2
33840
36382
3.32
10 Jammu & Kashmir
1431
43
11105 0
112523
10.27
11 Jharkhand 209 90 10 18180 18489 1.69 12 Karnataka 55857 4141 1131 450 24700 86279 7.87 13 Kerala 1700 704 1044 36 6110 9595 0.88 14 Madhya
Pradesh 10484
820
1364
78
61660
74406
6.79
15 Maharashtra 45394 794 1887 1250 287 64320 113933 10.39
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16 Manipur 109 13 2 10630 10755 0.98 17 Meghalaya 230 11 2 5860 6103 0.56 18 Mizoram 169 1 2 9090 9261 0.84 19 Nagaland 197 10 7290 7497 0.68 20 Odisha 3093 295 246 22 25780 29437 2.69 21 Punjab 441 3172 300 45 2810 6768 0.62 22
Rajasthan 18770
57
1039
62
14231 0
162238
14.80
23 Sikkim 267 2 4940 5209 0.48 24 Tamil Nadu 33800 660 1070 450 151 17670 53800 4.91 25 Telangana 4244 20410 24654 2.25 26 Tripura 47 3 2 2080 2131 0.19 27 Uttar Pradesh 461 1617 1250 176 22830 26333 2.40 28 Uttarakhand 1708 24 5 16800 18537 1.69 29 West Bengal 2 396 396 148 6260 7202 0.66 30 Andaman &
Nicobar 8
8
0
16
0.00
31 Chandigarh 6 0 6 0.00 32 Dadar &
Nagar Haveli
0
0
0.00
33 Daman & Diu
0 0 0.00
34 Delhi 131 2050 2181 0.20 35 Lakshadweep 8 0 8 0.00 36 Puducherry 153 3 0 156 0.01 37 Others* 1022 790 1812 0.17 All India Total
30225 1 19749 17536 5000 2554 74899
0 1096081 100.00
Distribution (%) 27.58 1.80 1.60 0.46 0.23 68.33 100.00
Electricity Generation Capacity: Source wise in India Hydro source is the most cost effective source
of generating energy elsewhere in the world.
But, the successful installation of hydroelectric
projects requires a lot of constant attention and
execution of caliber from the institutions and
other stake holders. Moreover, nature must
bless us to go ahead with the planning of
hydroelectric projects, which is impossible for
all states. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to note
that Karnataka has been leading India in the
installed generation capacity of hydroelectric
projects followed by Telengana and Kerala.
Thermal is another source of electric energy in
India and it is important to note that in the case
of tapping thermal energy the Nation has
travelled a lot successfully. Perhaps, it could
well be said that the main source of electric
energy in India has been none other than the
thermal source of energy.
Again, the state of Andra Pradesh has
been the leader in tapping the thermal energy
source in India over the period under the
consideration of the present work (Table No.6
and Figure no).
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Table 6 - Installed Generating Capacity of Electricity (Utilities) in India
States/UT s
Hydro Thermal Nuclear RES* Total Growth Rate(201 7-18
to 2016-17) (%)
31.03. 17
31.03. 18
31.03. 17
31.03. 18
31.03. 17
31.03. 18
31.03. 17
31.03. 18
31.03. 17
31.03. 18
Chandigar h
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.03
45.50 Delhi 0.00 0.00 2.49 2.49 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.12 2.55 2.61 2.56 Haryana 1.08 1.08 5.03 5.03 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.41 6.37 6.53 2.44 Himachal Pradesh
2.37
2.48
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.83
0.85
3.20
3.33
4.17
Jammu & Kashmir
1.23
1.23
0.18
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.18
1.56
1.59
1.34
Punjab 2.57 2.57 7.79 7.78 0.00 0.00 1.15 1.28 11.52 11.64 1.04 Rajasthan 1.09 1.09 8.99 9.65 0.00 0.00 6.24 6.48 16.32 17.22 5.53 Uttar Pradesh
0.72
0.72
12.57
12.87
0.00
0.00
2.30
2.65
15.59
16.24
4.15
Uttarakhan d
1.98
1.98
0.55
0.55
0.00
0.00
0.52
0.55
3.05
3.08
1.04 Central Sector NR
8.27
8.60
13.61
14.27
1.62
1.62
0.00
0.33
23.50
24.81
5.61
Sub-Total (NR)
19.31
19.75
51.21
52.82
1.62
1.62
11.52
12.87
83.66
87.07
4.07
Chhattisga rh
0.12
0.12
14.23
16.09
0.00
0.00
0.43
0.54
14.78
16.74
13.28 Gujarat 0.77 0.77 20.25 19.63 0.00 0.00 6.67 7.06 27.70 27.46 -0.86 Madhya Pradesh
1.70
1.70
9.83
9.83
0.00
0.00
3.54
3.72
15.07
15.25
1.21
Maharashtr a
3.33
3.33
23.74
24.29
0.00
0.00
7.65
8.46
34.72
36.07
3.91 Daman & Diu
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.43
D. & N. Haveli
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
-
Goa 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.41 Central Sector WR
1.52
1.52
16.69
17.90
1.84
1.84
0.00
0.66
20.05
21.92
9.32
Sub-Total (WR)
7.45
7.45
84.79
87.78
1.84
1.84
18.30
20.45
112.38
117.52
4.57
Andhra Pradesh
1.75
1.67
12.52
12.72
0.00
0.00
6.16
6.48
20.43
20.87
2.14
Telangana 2.31 2.45 5.47 5.87 0.00 0.00 1.55 3.65 9.32 11.97 28.40 Karnataka 3.60 3.60 7.23 7.23 0.00 0.00 7.46 12.44 18.29 23.27 27.23 Kerala 1.88 1.88 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.33 2.55 2.54 -0.36 Tamil Nadu
2.20
2.20
8.71
8.71
0.00
0.00
10.63
10.98
21.54
21.90
1.66
Puducherr y
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.25
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Lakshadwe ep
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.63
Central Sector SR #
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.85
3.32
3.32
0.00
0.49
15.37
16.66
8.41 Sub-Total (SR)
11.74
11.81
46.35
47.75
3.32
3.32
26.13
34.37
87.54
97.25
11.09
Bihar 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.33 0.50 1.04 106.31
DVC 0.14 0.14 8.69 8.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.83 8.28 -6.23
Jharkhand 0.13 0.13 1.78 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 1.93 1.36 -29.63
Odisha 2.06 2.06 5.42 4.22 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.18 7.68 6.47 -15.76
West Bengal
0.99
0.99
7.40
7.65
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.44
8.81
9.07
2.89
Sikkim 0.56 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.61 0.81 33.60
A. & N. Islands
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.05
-9.83
Central Sector ER
0.86
0.86
10.08
10.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
10.94
11.21
2.42
Sub-Total (ER)
4.74
4.94
33.62
32.29
0.00
0.00
1.00
1.05
39.36
38.28
-2.74
Arunachal Pradesh
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.11
4.89
Assam 0.10 0.10 0.41 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.55 0.46 -17.03
Manipur 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.07
Meghalaya
0.28
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.31
0.35
12.78
Mizoram 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 -11.79
Nagaland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.60
Tripura 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.19 0.19 -2.62
Central Sector NER
0.86
0.92
1.75
1.75
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
2.61
2.68
2.49 Sub-Total (NER)
1.24
1.34
2.37
2.27
0.00
0.00
0.28
0.28
3.89
3.90
0.17
Total States
32.97
33.40
164.14
165.80
0.00
0.00
57.24
67.52
254.36
266.72
4.86
Total Central
11.51
11.90
54.19
57.10
6.78
6.78
0.00
1.50
72.47
77.28
6.64 Total All India
44.48
45.29
218.33
222.91
6.78
6.78
57.24
69.02
326.83
344.00
5.25
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14.00
12.00
10.00
0.031.03.17 31.03.18 31.03.17 31.03.18 31.03.17 31.03.18
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana Karnataka Kerala
Hydr Therm Nucle RE
Figure 4 - Installed Generating Capacity of Electricity (Utilities) in India
Statistics pertaining to the production of Commercial source of energy in India Commercial sources of energy in India
mainly include coal, lignite, crude oil, natural
gas and electricity. Coal production in India
stood at 492.76 million tons in 2008-09 which
increased to 657.87 in 2016-17. Crude oil only
slightly increased from 33.51 million tons in
2008-09 to 36.01 million tons in 2016-17
(Table No7). Natural gas production has
shown much variation compared to other
sources of conventional energy in India.
Growth rate of coal also has shown ups and
down over the period under this study (Figure
No.5)
Table 7 - Production of Commercial Sources of Energy in India
Year Coal (million tonnes
Lignite (million tonnes)
Crude Oil (million tonnes)
Natural Gas (Billion Cubic
Metres)
Electricity* (GWh)
1 2 3 4 5 6 2008-09 492.76 32.42 33.51 32.85 152,886.00 2009-10 532.04 34.07 33.69 47.50 159,642.84 2010-11 532.69 37.73 37.68 52.22 179,926.46 2011-12 539.95 42.33 38.09 47.56 214,024.08 2012-13 556.40 46.45 37.86 40.68 204,035.31 2013-14 565.77 44.27 37.79 35.41 234,595.01 2014-15 612.43 48.26 37.46 33.66 238,908.43 2015-16 639.23 43.84 36.94 32.25 224,571.11 2016-17 657.87 45.23 36.01 31.90 241,841.64
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9
8
7
6
5
4
3
22009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Figure 5 Growth Rate of Coal
II. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS This paper looks into the recent trends
in India’s energy sector and attempts to
analyze the energy statistics of India in detail.
In the case of the estimation of lignite reserves
in India, it could be found that the volume of
lignite available is the highest in Tamil Nadu
followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat. Reserves
of lignite are found to be lowest in Jammu and
Kashmir and West Bengal. The skewed
distribution of lignite has actually limited the
use of lignite as an energy source in India.
Renewable power in India shows that in 2017
and 2018, Gujarat was at the top of wind
power energy production in India while in the
case of small hydro power Karnataka was the
forerunner. In the case of power from biomass,
Punjab occupied the first position followed by
Maharashtra. It is interesting to note that
Rajasthan had the highest potential in the
production of solar energy in India.
Commercial sources of energy in India mainly
include coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas and
electricity. Coal production in India stood at
492.76 million tons in 2008-09 which
increased to 657.87 in 2016-17. Crude oil only
slightly increased from 33.51 million tons in
2008-09 to 36.01 million tons in 2016-.
Natural gas production has shown much
variation compared to other sources of
conventional energy in India.
Notes: data for this paper have been obtained and compiled from http://mospi.nic.in
III. REFERENCES
1. REN21 (2017): Renewables 2017 Global
Status Report, Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, Paris.
2. MNRE (2017): Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi.
3. CEA (2016): Draft National Electricity Plan, Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi, Chap. 5, pp 19. CEA (2017): Installed Capacity March 2017, Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi.
4. IWTMA (2017): India Wind Power – volume 3, issue 2 (June – July 2017), Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association, pp 36-38.
5. Bridge to India (2017): India Solar Handbook 2017, Bridge to India, New Delhi.
6. MOP (2017): http://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india, 2017
Page 538
UGC Jr.No.: 45308 Impact Factor: 1.14 | SJIF 2016:3.343 | ISI 2017-2018: 0673 SJIF 2017: 4.253 |
Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research [EIJFMR]
7. MOP (2017): Ujwal Bharat 3 Years, Achievements and Initiatives of Ministry of Power, Coal, New & Renewable Energy, and Mines, Government of India, pp 24.
8. MNRE (2017): Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi, pp 86
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