rakesh 232
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SCADA
(SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION)
By:
A RAKESH(05671A0232)
EEE IV/IV
Email: rakesh.sri.adepu@gmail.com
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INTRODUCTION:-
SCADA stands for SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA
ACQUISITION
Primary function -data acquisitionfrom data flds called RTU(remote
terminal unit)
RTU scans analog data like current, vtg, active, reactive, apparent power,
frequency, digital data of breakers
It is used in industrial m/m and control s/m consisting of a central host
master(MTU)
s/m similar to scada s/m are routinely seen in factories, treatment plantsReferred to distributed control systems(DCS)
RTu communication may be via LOCAL AREA NETWORK(LAN)
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HISTORY:
it is not an fully control s/m but it focuses on supervisory level
It takes several i/p o/p channels
SCADA s/m used to runs on DOS, VMS & UNIX
Pvss as one of the SCADA products for the development of future
control systems at CERN in On 20 Sept. 2000, the Finance Committee
approved the proposal to negotiate a contract with ETM A.G
SCADA systems have made substantial progress over the recent
years in terms of functionality, scalability,
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SCADA architecture:
SCADA developoed in morden technologies in three generations
First Generation Monolithic Second Generation Distributed
Third Generation Networked
MONOL ITHIC SCADA SYSTEMS:SCADA systems were first developed - computing in general centered on
mainframe systems.
SCADA systems were standalone systems with virtually no connectivity to other
systems.
The Wide Area Networks (WANs) that were implemented to communicate with
remote terminal units (RTUs)
single purpose in mindthat of communicating with RTUs in the field and nothing
else
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The communication protocols in use on SCADA networks were developed by vendors
of RTU equipment
. Redundancy in these first generation systems was accomplished by the use of two
identically equipped mainframe systems,
a primary and a backup, connected at the bus level.
The standby systems primary function -monitor the primary and take over in the event
of a detected failure
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The next generation of SCADA systems took advantage of
developments and improvement in system miniaturization and Local Area
Networking (LAN).Technology to distribute the processing across multiple
systems
LANs are share the information with each other in real time
This Primarily communicating with field dives such as RTU HMI
This distributed scada system improve the redundancy and reliability
All the stations are online state al the time
The WAN used to communicate with devices in the field were largely
unchanged by the development of LAN connectivity between local
stations at the SCADA master.
DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEMS:
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The second generation of SCADA systems was also limited to hardware,
software, and peripheral devices that were provided or at least selected by the
vendor.
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. The major improvement in the third generation is system architecture, utilizing
open standards and protocols and making it possible to distribute SCADA
functionality across a WAN and not just a LAN.
NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEMS:
These vendors have looked to system vendors such as Compaq, Hewlett-
Packard, and Sun Microsystems for their expertise in developing the basic computer
platforms and operating system software
The major improved in third generation SCADA systems comes from the use ofWAN protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) for communication between the
master station and communications equipment (RTU)
RTUs communicate with the master station using an Ethernet connection
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Hardware Arch itectureSCADA products -CERN in view of their possible application to the control systems
of the LHC detectors
One distinguishes two basic layers in a SCADA system:
"client layer" - caters for the human machine interaction and the
"data server layer" handles the data control activities called controllers(PLCs)
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SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
The products are multi-tasking and are based upon a real-time database (RTDB)
located in one or more servers.
Servers are responsible for data acquisition and handling
INTERFACINGSCADA to access devices in an open and standard manner is developing.
An Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC) interface to the data in thearchive/logs,
but not to the configuration database,
An application interfaces supporting C,C++ etc.,
Database
Data are stored in a database that is logically centralized but physically distributed
Most of the SCADA products were decompose the process in "atomic" parameters
to which a Tag-name is associated.
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SCALABILITY
Scalability is understood as the possibility to extend the SCADA based control system .
The products achieve scalability by having multiple data servers connected to multiplecontrollers
Each data server has it own RTDB configuration.
REDUNDANCY
The products often have built in software redundancy at a server level.
FUNCTIONALITY
ACCESS CONTROLwhich allocates the groups to read/write privileges
MMI: products supports multiple screens
Most of the SCADA products that were evaluated decompose the process in
"atomic" parameters
Standard windows editing facilities are provided: zooming, re-sizing, scrolling
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TRENDINGThe products all provide trending facilities and one can summaries the common
capabilities
zooming and scrolling functions are provided
historical trending is possible for any archived parameter
real-time and historical trending are possible
ALARM HANDLINGAlarm handling is based on limit and status checking and performed in the data
servers
they are logically handled centrally, i.e., the information only exists in one place and all
users see the same status
LOGGING/ARCHIVING Logging can be thought of as medium-term storage of data on disk,
Archiving is long-term storage of data either on disk or on another permanent
storage medium
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REPORT GENERATION :reports using SQL type queries to the archive
APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
PC tools now have a Windows Explorer
An Application Program Interface (API) supporting C, C++, VB
OBJECT HANDLING
In general the products do not handle objects, but rather handle individual
parameters,
e.g., alarms are defined for parameters, logging is performed on parameters and
control actions are performed on parameters
EVOLUTION:as new technologies are concerned, the SCADA products are
now adopting
Web technology, ActiveX, Java, etc.OPC as a means for communicating internally between the client and server
modules
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Engineering
engineering activities specific to the use of a SCADA system are the definition of:
a mechanism to prevent conflicting controls
instructions on how to control e.g. a device
templates for different types of "panels", e.g. alarms
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SCADA
Reliability and robustness
Technical support and maintenance by the vendor
A rich functionality and extensive development facilities
FUTURE SCOPE:SCADA systems, (supervisory, control and data acquisition), play a vital role
in the operation of electricity utilities.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control their equipment, which is
usually spread over a large geographical area.
installation in harsh electrical and physical environments
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CONCLUSION
It is realized that SCADA systems play a vital role in power system operations
viz load dispatch centre, substation automation and distribution automation.
APCPDCL stands as one of the best state electricity distribution organizations in
the country
the exact status of breakers and helped a lot in reducing interruptions
occurrence of sudden disturbances
Distribution automation through SCADA also reduces human influence and
errors.
It offers complete power system controls and data acquisitions
Mainly it provides the quality of power supply
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Technology Survey Summary of Study Report", IT-
CO/98-08-09, CERN, Geneva 26th Aug 1998.
[2] A.Daneels, W.Salter, "Selection and Evaluation of Commercial SCADA
Systems for the Controls of the CERN LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the
1999 International Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental
Physics Control Systems, Trieste, 1999, p.353.
[3] G.Baribaud et al., "Recommendations for the Use of Field buses at CERN
in the LHC Era", Proceedings of the 1997 International Conference on
Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems, Beijing, 1997,
p.285.
[4] R.Barillere et al., "Results of the OPC Evaluation done within the JCOP for
the Control of the LHC Experiments", Proceedings of the 1999 International
Conference on Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics Control Systems,
Trieste, 1999, p.511.
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