psychology 415; social basis of health behavior automaticity, escape 1 controlled v. automatic...
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Automaticity, escape 1
Controlled v. automatic behavior: some core constructs
Critical role of associative learning Cognition Affective responses Physiological activation Immune functioning…
Extrinsic stimuli & self-focused attention: Rosemary’s Baby
Fluid, capacity-based conception of “controlled” behaviors or cognitions
Implicit learning
Imitative learning: key role of “mirror neurons” in learning & behavior
Stereotype activation: cue-based perceptual biases
Progressive mechanization in skill learning
Automatic activation of affective responses: “preferences precede inferences…”
Associative learning & goal activation…
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Automaticity, escape 2
Bargh; goal activation
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Automaticity, escape 3
Sexual Escape
“Honey, you know it don’t count if I was high..."B.B. King, (1971). How Blues Can You Get.
I think [alcohol & drugs] also helps them to forget about [AIDS]. ...some of them...are able to keep their wits about that in the sense of using safe sex, using a condom. But I think others, it makes it less scary. It makes the experience a lot less frightening in terms of HIV and AIDS and not having that in the forefront of their minds when they’re engaging in the activity.
...there are a lot of ... men who would be so-called straight who
under the influence of alcohol or with them knowing that they’re going to drink so they can go ahead and sleep with another guy…
Well, I don’t like to admit it, but worrying about HIV when I’m out
meeting guys is a drag. When I drink, I don’t worry so much...
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Automaticity, escape 4
Socio-cultural Models of Sexual Risk / Prevention
Information dissemination Targeted v. general populations
Indigenous information / attitude change methods
Community based dissemination / diffusion
Opinion leaders
Settings
Churches, etc.
‘Stages of change’
pre-contemplation
contemplation
action
maintenance
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Socio-cultural models, cont.
Prevention resources Condom availability
Needle availability
HIV / STI testing
ART treatment
Community Socialization ‘Sexualization’ of gay identification
Implicit v. explicit normative standards
Opportunity & exposure
Drug availability
Risk partner availability
social / personal priorities cost :: utility
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Social / cultural models, 3
Legal & Policy Interventions needle exchange
legalized drug use / sex work
Gay marriage
‘Homophobia’ / discrimination
Medical practice / training
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Automaticity, escape 7
Person – based models of sexual risk
Simple attitude models: Health beliefs x values "intentions“
Self-efficacy & outcome expectancies Information & skills
RationalOperator:
Motivational: Fear arousal / protection motivation Self-identity & health motive Optimism & perceived vulnerability
e.g., reactive effects of ART.
“Dyscontrol”: Chronic or acute substance abuse Ψ symptoms Sensation seeking / risk taking “Personality disorder“ / impulsivity Childhood sexual abuse / PTSD
sequalae
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Automaticity, escape 8
Risk: Person – based models
Social network
Partner / peer pressure
Sexual context Local norms Safety availability
Chronic stress
Sexual availability
e.g., internet norms & availability
Coping skills
Avoidant coping
Self-esteem
Bar orientation
Ambivalence
““Stress” Stress” VulnerabilityVulnerability
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Stress –vulnerability
Internet use and sexual risk among MSM
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Automaticity, escape 10
Internet & sexual risk, 2
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Stress – vulnerability model of MSM drug use
“Escape” expectancies of alcohol / drug use.
“Escape” expectancies of alcohol / drug use.
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Cognitive escape models
VulnerabilityVulnerability Performance standardsPerformance standards Negative affectNegative affect Cognitive restraintCognitive restraint ExpectanciesExpectancies Sensation seekingSensation seeking Cognitive capacityCognitive capacity
Releasing StimuliReleasing Stimuli SettingsSettings Partner characteristicsPartner characteristics Substance useSubstance use Affect / internal statesAffect / internal states Initial “slip”Initial “slip” Financial pressure (?)Financial pressure (?)
Cognitive disengagementCognitive disengagement Concrete action identificationConcrete action identification ““Automatic” behaviorAutomatic” behavior
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Automaticity, escape 13
High performance standardsHigh performance standards
Negative affectNegative affect
Escape motive / expectanciesEscape motive / expectancies+ +
Contextual risk inducementsContextual risk inducements
Low level action Low level action identificationidentification
Automatic behaviorAutomatic behavior
Escape process
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Escape, 2
High Performance StandardsHigh Performance Standards Externally imposedExternally imposed
StrongStrong norms & intentions norms & intentions
Inescapable / unalterableInescapable / unalterable
Negative affect re: failuresNegative affect re: failures Perceived personal vulnerability + severityPerceived personal vulnerability + severity
Ought Ought actual | Ideal actual | Ideal actual discrepancies actual discrepancies
Low self-efficacy for instrumental copingLow self-efficacy for instrumental coping
Low outcome expectanciesLow outcome expectancies
““Coping burnout” / fatalismCoping burnout” / fatalism Fear / shameFear / shame Depression Depression / / angeranger
Aversive self-Aversive self-awarenessawareness
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Escape, 3
Escape motive / ExpectanciesEscape motive / Expectancies Sexual / alcohol / drug expectanciesSexual / alcohol / drug expectancies
Avoidant copingAvoidant coping
Cultural / individual support for “escape”Cultural / individual support for “escape”
Drug norms & availabilityDrug norms & availability
Cultural visibility of / norms for health behaviorCultural visibility of / norms for health behavior
Contextual risk inducementsContextual risk inducements Situational “releasing stimuli”Situational “releasing stimuli”
““Exceptional” times / places / peopleExceptional” times / places / people
Physical constraints on communication, safety, negotiationPhysical constraints on communication, safety, negotiation
Normative environmentNormative environment
Implicit / explicit standards for sex, drugs, communicationImplicit / explicit standards for sex, drugs, communication
““We’re all in” syndromeWe’re all in” syndrome
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Escape, 3
Low level action identificationLow level action identificationDeconstructed Action > larger / abstract meaning
Attentional focus Attentional focus
““Mechanics” Mechanics” >> “Meaning” “Meaning”
Reward (gain) sensitivity Reward (gain) sensitivity >> punishment (loss) sensitivity punishment (loss) sensitivity
Context sensitivityContext sensitivity
““Stimulus bound”Stimulus bound”
Sensation seekingSensation seeking
Irrational thoughts (?)Irrational thoughts (?)
Strategic substance useStrategic substance use
Impaired abstract information processingImpaired abstract information processing
Self-fulfilling expectancies of affective responsesSelf-fulfilling expectancies of affective responses
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Escape, 3
Automatic behaviorAutomatic behavior Core characteristicsCore characteristics
EffortlessEffortless (few attentional demands)(few attentional demands)
UnintentionalUnintentional (independent of larger goals)(independent of larger goals)
AutonomousAutonomous (fixed “action pattern” or “script”)(fixed “action pattern” or “script”)
UncontrollableUncontrollable (resists conscious change)(resists conscious change)
““Automatic” maintenance:Automatic” maintenance: Associative learning: stimulus environment + “not think” Rx.Associative learning: stimulus environment + “not think” Rx.
++ Instrumental learning: strong rewards for cognitive avoidanceInstrumental learning: strong rewards for cognitive avoidance
Death, destruction and despairDeath, destruction and despair(or not…)(or not…)
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Automaticity, escape 18
The wages of cognitive escape
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