proven and emerging alternatives for stringent … jim fitzpatrick mark steichen, anjana kadava,...

Jim Fitzpatrick Mark Steichen, Anjana Kadava, Kelly Martin

Proven and Emerging Alternatives for Stringent Phosphorus Limits

ANNUAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBIT BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS JANUARY 24-27, 2016

AGENDA

• Optimizing conventional processes

• Tertiary alternatives

• Concluding thoughts

If we need to go lower than conventional primary and secondary…

January 25, 2016

NEWEA | Proven and Emerging Alternatives for Stringent Phosphorus Limits |

Exceptions to above rules of thumb. Case-specific alternative evaluations recommended.

Several alternatives. • Al, Fe or Ca hydroxyl floc

adsorption + separation • Adsorption media. • Reverse osmosis.

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

Effluent TP in mg/L

Chemical Addition

Conversion

to EBPR

1. Boost VFAs to boost EBPR

• If anaerobic digesters, then struvite recovery

2. Multi-point chemical addition

• Enhance flocculation

• Hydroxyl floc adsorption

3. Improve clarification

• Upgrade clarifier internals

• Tertiary clarification or filtration

Optimize conventional biological and chemical P removal

January 25, 2016

Removal limited by soluble non-reactive fraction (sNRP)

Site-specific speciation is recommended

January 25, 2016

OP or PO4-P

Total Phosphorus

Reactive Phosphorus

Soluble

Acid Hydrolysable

Complex Phosphates

Organic

Particulate

Knowing BOD, TSS and TP alone isn’t enough.

• Readily biodegradable carbon (rbCOD)

COD fractionation = key to EBPR

January 25, 2016

CODTSS

ISSFup

Colloidal

Fus - Non-biodegradable soluble

Fbs - Rapidly degradable soluble fraction

Fsd - Slowly degradable fraction

Fac - Fraction of Fbs that is SCVFA

Fxsd - Fraction of Fsd that is particulate

Fup - Non-biodegradable particulate fraction

• Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

• Volatile fatty acids (VFA) drive first step of luxury uptake process

• Mixture required for PAOs to outcompete GAOs

VFA = key to reliable EBPR

January 25, 2016

Acetic

Propionic

Butyric

8%Isobutyric

2-Methylbutyric

1% Isovaleric

1% Valeric

Results from Fermentation Study

Oxic(Aerobic)

Anaerobic

Phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) (Fuhs & Chen, 1975)

Alternatives

• Collection system • Odor and corrosion

• Anaerobic zone

• Primary sludge fermenter

• Mixed liquor fermenter

• Acid-phase digester

Fermentation = key to VFA supply

January 25, 2016 NEWEA | Proven and Emerging Alternatives for Stringent Phosphorus Limits |

MLSS Fermenter with 5-stage Bardenpho Facility

Primary Sludge Fermenter with 3-stage Bardenpho Facility

Anaerobic (Fermentation) Zone of Phoredox Processes

Struvite recovery mitigates unintended consequences from EBPR

CAUSES

• (PO4)3-, Mg2+ and K+ quickly released by PAOs in WAS. NH4

+ released later during digestion.

CONSEQUENCES

• Nutrient recycle

• Nuisance struvite formation

• Decreased biosolids dewaterability

Making EBPR work with anaerobic digestion

January 25, 2016

From Shimp, G.F.; Barnard, J.L.; Bott, C.B. It’s always something. Water Environment & Technology, June 2014, 26(6), 42-47.

Ostara Pearl®, MHI Multiform™, CNP AirPrex®, Aquatec Crystalactor®, KEMA Phred™

• Minimize nuisance deposits

• Reduce P & N recycle loads

• Reduce P content of biosolids

• Improved biosolids dewaterability

• Beneficial recovery of nutrients

Struvite recovery gaining traction

January 25, 2016

Impact from effluent solids

January 25, 2016

From Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus Limits, PNCWA

Don’t forget to optimize clarification

January 25, 2016

Critical part of any activated sludge process

Stick around Wednesday for more on clarifiers

McDowell Creek WWTP EBPR + filters

January 25, 2016

Northwest Cobb WRF Chemical P removal + filters

January 25, 2016

Tertiary P removal strategies

January 25, 2016

Also dissolved air flotation (DAF), low-pressure membrane filters (MBR or tertiary) and reverse osmosis alternatives

Chemically

Enhanced

Clarification

and Polishing

Filters

Chemically

Enhanced

Two-Stage

Filters

Filtration and

Adsorption

Media with P

Recovery

Chemically

Enhanced

Clarification

(CEC) and

Polishing

Filters

CEC generally involves 3 or 4 steps

1. Coagulant Addition. Rapid mix. Add metal salt and/or cationic polymer to “break” colloids (de-emulsify)

3. Flocculation. Medium to low turbulence. Build floc and “sweep” small particles into floc. Enhance floc settling.

4. Clarification. Non-turbulent. Separate solids from liquids.

2. Flocculant Addition. Rapid mix. Add anionic or nonionic polymer. Optional if steps 1 and 3 are ideal.

Turbulence

Jar tests to evaluate and guide full-scale optimization

• Coagulation

• Al3+/Fe3+/Ca2+ dose

• Alkalinity/pH

• Rapid mixing criteria

• Flocculation

• Polymer type and dose

• Rapid mixing criteria

• Slow mixing criteria

• Sludge recirculation

Steps 1-3 determine P removal success

• Coagulant dose higher than PO4 precipitation alone

• Metal hydroxyl floc formation

• pH/alkalinity

• Deflocculation from monovalent cations

Clarification mechanisms

Gravimetric

Filtration*

* Generally requires particle conditioning, depends upon waste and filter type.

Flotation

Settling Surface Charge Neutralization

Coagulation Co-precipitation

Flocculation Adsorption

Particle Conditioning

Sieving (Surface) Adsorption (Depth)

Tertiary CEC + filters at Durham AWTF (Tigard, OR)

January 25, 2016

Conventional drinking water technologies

Tertiary clarifier with paddle flocculator

Dual media granular filters

Full-scale examples of tertiary CEC + filters

January 25, 2016

Facility Capacity

(mgd) Technology

Average

Effluent TP

(mg/L)

Farmers Korner WWTF

(Breckenridge, CO) 3

EBPR, alum, tube settlers,

mixed media filters 0.002 - 0.04

Snake River WWTP

(Summit County, CO) 2.6

Alum, plate settlers, mixed

media filters <0.01 – 0.04

Rock Creek AWTF

(Hillsboro, OR) 39

EBPR, alum, tertiary clarifiers,

granular media filters 0.04 – 0.09

Durham AWTF (Tigard, OR) 24 EBPR, alum, tertiary clarifiers,

granular media filters 0.05 – 0.1

F. Wayne Hill WRC

(Gwinnett County, GA) 60

EBPR, lime, tertiary clarifiers,

filters, membranes <0.08

Alexandria AWWTP

(Alexandria, VA) 54

EBPR, ferric, alum, plate

settlers, dual media filters 0.04 – 0.1

Upper Occoquan WRP

(Centreville, VA) 42

High lime clarification,

multimedia granular filters 0.02 – 0.1

Noman Cole WPCP

(Fairfax County, VA) 67

EBPR, ferric, tertiary clarifiers,

dual/mono media filters 0.02 – 0.13

From USEPA (2007) Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus, EPA 910-R-07-002 and Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus Limits, PNCWA

ACTIFLO® Turbo

1 3 42

High-rate CEC = smaller footprint

DensaDeg®Clarifier / Thickener

Reactor Turbine DriveTurbine

Draft Tube

FlowSplitter

Polymer

Sludge Recirculation Sludge

Blowdown

Settling Tube

Assembly

LaunderAssembly

Recirculation ConeLifting Assembly

Settling Tube Support

Sludge Recycle Pump

Coagulant

Rapid Mix

Reactor

Clarifier / Thickener

Reactor Turbine DriveTurbine

Draft Tube

FlowSplitter

Polymer

Sludge Recirculation Sludge

Blowdown

Settling Tube

Assembly

LaunderAssembly

Recirculation ConeLifting Assembly

Settling Tube Support

Sludge Recycle Pump

Coagulant

Rapid Mix

Reactor

1 3 42

RAPISAND™

1 3 42

CoMagTM

Magnetic Filter

(Optional)

1 3 42

Full-scale examples with high-rate CEC

About another 27 DensaDegs, 171 ACTIFLOs, 12 BioMags and 8 CoMags treating wastewater since 1989

Facility Capacity

(mgd) Technology

Average

Effluent TP

(mg/L)

Iowa Hill WWTF

(Breckenridge, CO) 1.5

Alum, DensaDeg,

DynaSand filter 0.017 - 0.13

Flat Creek WRF

(Gainesville, GA) 20 EBPR, alum, DensaDeg <0.13

South Lyon CWP (South

Lyon, MI) 4 Alum, Actiflo <0.07

Metro Syracuse WWTP

(Onandaga County, NY) 126 PACl / ferric, Actiflo 0.05 – 0.09

Sturbridge WPCF

(Sturbridge, MA) 1.6

BioMag BNR, alum,

CoMag 0.039

Billerica WWTP

(Billerica, MA) 5.5 Alum, CoMag 0.036

From USEPA (2007) Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus, EPA 910-R-07-002 and case study material from Degremont (2008), Kruger (2012), and Evoqua (2015).

January 25, 2016

Chemically

Enhanced

Clarification

and Polishing

Filters

Chemically

Enhanced

Two-Stage

Filters

Filtration and

Adsorption

Media with P

Recovery

Chemically

Enhanced

Two-Stage

Filters

Blue PRO® uses ferric oxide coated sand for P adsorption on filter media

Potential PROS

• Continuous backwash and sand regeneration

• 30% less chemical than other technologies

• Hydrous ferric oxide return

• Small footprint

Potential CONS

• Higher headloss than settling alternatives

final effluent

secondary effluent

mixer Continuous backwash sand filter

reject

Continuous backwash sand filter

adapted from Benish et al. (2007)

DynaSand® D2 also relies on P co-precipitation and adsorption onto media

January 25, 2016

Similar pros and cons as Blue PRO®

final effluent

secondary effluent

mixer DynaSand Deep Bed

DynaSand Standard

reject

adapted from Benish et al. (2007)

Full-scale examples with chemically enhanced two-stage filters

Facility Capacity

(mgd) Technology

Average

Effluent TP

(mg/L)

Hayden Regional WWTP (Hayden, ID)

0.25 Ferric, Blue PRO 0.009 – 0.036

Stamford WWTP (Stamford, NY)

0.5 Poly-aluminum-silicate-sulfate (PASS), DynaSand D2

0.005 – 0.06

Walton WWTP (Walton, NY)

1.55 PACl, DynaSand D2 0.005 – 0.06

Manotick WWTP (Ontario, Canada)

0.04 DynaSand D2 <0.03

January 25, 2016

From USEPA (2007) Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus, EPA 910-R-07-002 and Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus Limits, PNCWA

DynaSand® D2 dual sand filtration Actiflo® + sand filters

ZeeweedTM tertiary ultrafiltration membranes

Side-by-side piloting at Lakeshore WPCP (Innisfil, Ontario)

Blue PRO® dual reactive sand filtration

January 25, 2016

Ultra low P effluent from all technologies during steady-state and diurnal phases

January 25, 2016

Similar results from comparative piloting including Westborough, MA (Hart et al., 2009); Coeur d’Alene, ID (Benisch et al. ,2007); Spokane, WA (Esvelt et al., 2010)

From deBarbadillo et al. (2009) Lakeshore Water Pollution Control Plant Phosphorus Removal Pilot Testing

January 25, 2016

Chemically

Enhanced

Clarification

and Polishing

Filters

Chemically

Enhanced

Two-Stage

Filters

Filtration and

Adsorption

Media with P

Recovery

Filtration and

Adsorption

Media with P

Recovery

• Granulated ferric oxides

• Activated aluminum oxides

• New polymeric metal oxide • High selectivity for phosphate over competing anions

PO43- >> F- > SO4

2- > Br- , Cl-, NO2- , NO3

• High breakthrough capacity even at high flow rate

• Repeatable adsorption/desorption cycle

Adsorption media alternatives

January 25, 2016

Average diameter 0.55 mm

True density of raw material 28 lbs/gal

Bulk density of beads 2.9 lbs/gal

Porosity 85%

Adsorption capacity 15 g-P/L-R

Resistance to acid & alkali pH 2 to 14

Removal and recovery process

In situ media regeneration. Phosphorus recovery.

Secondary

Effluent Filter Treated

Solid/liquid

separation

pHControl

ＡＣ

Precipitation

Reactor

DesorptionTank

LimeTank

ＢAcidTank

CausticTank

Adsorption

Towers

Adsorption

Desorption

Recovery

Neutralization

Carrousel Operation

Two columns in series

Third column stand-by

Phosphorus-LadenSolids

U.S. pilot confirmed long-term piloting in Japan

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Percentage of measurements at or below value

(Phase 1A, 1B, 2, & 3)

OP (Hourly Online Data)

OP (Daily Composite Lab Data)

TP (Daily Composite Lab Data)

Dissolved TP (Grab)

Soluble Non-reactive P (Grab)

Turbidity (Daily Composite)

TSS (Daily Composite)

Parameter

Final Effluent Concentration

Percentile

OP (Hourly online), mg/L 0.0044 0.0065 0.0091

OP (Daily composite), mg/L 0.005 0.006 0.010

TP (Daily composite), mg/L 0.037 0.051 0.100

TSS (Daily composite), mg/L 2* 2* 3

Turbidity (Daily composite), NTU 0.96 1.65 3.28 * Reporting limit (RL) or Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)

From Fitzpatrick et al. (2010) First U.S. Pilot of a New Media for Phosphorus Removal and Recovery, WEFTEC

Status of adsorption technology

• Polymeric metal oxide media developed by Asahi

• In-situ regeneration with NaOH

• Long-term pilots successful in U.S. and Japan

Cross sectionExterior Surface Internal Structure

Fibril

Cavities

Cross sectionExterior Surface Internal Structure

Fibril

Cavities

Exterior Surface Cross Section Internal Structure

• 0.13-mgd demonstration at Kasumigaura Lake WWTP (near Tokyo) averaged TP < 0.03 mg/L during first year

• 10-mgd facility designed, pending ultralow permit limits 33

Concept for ultralow P removal and recovery without Fe, Al or Ca

Sludge

Anaerobic Digestion

Dewatering Centrifuge

Biosolids

Primary Clarifiers Activated Sludge EBPR

Thickening Centrifuge

Fermenter & Thickener

Struvite Fertilizer

VFA Effluent Filter

Anaerobic Release Tank

Struvite Reactor

(PO4)3-

Phosphorus Adsorption

Desorption Fluid

(PO4)3-, OH-

WASSTRIP® and Struvite Recovery

MgNH4(PO4)·6H2O 34

• Site-specific optimization

• Speciation sampling study

• Fermentation to boost VFA and EBPR

• Chemical enhancements (hydroxyl floc adsorption)

• Clarification / filtration upgrades

• Struvite recovery for EBPR + anaerobic digestion

• If TP limit <0.1 mg/L, evaluate tertiary alternatives

• Conventional and small footprint options

• Emerging phosphorus adsorption and recovery option

Conclusions and continued research

January 25, 2016

Additional information:

January 25, 2016

Chuck Pike | Engineering Manager 781.565.5818 | PikeCM@bv.com

Mario Francucci | Project Manager 781.565.5811 | FrancucciMS@bv.com

Jim Fitzpatrick | Senior Process Engineer 913.458.3695 | FitzpatrickJD@bv.com

ANNUAL CONFERENCE & EXHIBIT BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

JANUARY 24-27, 2016

proven and emerging alternatives for stringent … jim fitzpatrick mark steichen, anjana kadava,...

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